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200–300 mg daily for adults; 100–200 mg/day for children

30–60 minutes before breakfast, Between meals on an empty stomach

Bovine lactoferrin capsule or powder (≥95% purity)

• Known allergy to bovine milk proteins (risk of cross-reactivity)
• Hemochromatosis or iron overload conditions (holo-lactoferrin form could worsen iron loading)
• Active malignancy — theoretical concern due to growth-promoting activity on epithelial cells (consult oncologist)

• Oral iron supplements (ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate)
• Antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines)
• Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)