69 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 9.5/10
Karlinski Vizentin V et al. • Neonatology (2024)
As compared with late caffeine administration, early caffeine is associated with a reduction in BPD, IVH, ROP, late-onset sepsis, and PDA in preterm neonates, albeit increased mortality.
Wu X et al. • Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology (2026)
The relationship between caffeine intake and IBD risk varies by region, age, caffeine source, smoking, and education level.
Collado-Mateo D et al. • Nutrients (2020)
However, the fitness level of the participant may modulate the magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise.
Southward K et al. • Sports Medicine (2018)
Caffeine ingestion improves endurance performance by 2-4% on average.
McLellan TM et al. • Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (2016)
Caffeine improves cognitive function, particularly alertness, attention, and reaction time.
Gilsanz L et al. • Nutrients (2024)
CAF+nitrates did not offer further benefits on exercise performance or physiological variables from the isolated intake of CAF and nitrates.
Tabrizi R et al. • Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2019)
Overall, the current meta-analysis demonstrated that caffeine intake might promote weight, BMI and body fat reduction.
Wang Z et al. • Nutrients (2022)
More evidence is needed to establish the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance running in women or the best dose to maximize the ergogenic benefits of caffeine supplementation.
Payne ER et al. • Nutrition reviews (2025)
This meta-analysis provides evidence that theanine plus caffeine, and theanine alone, could be beneficial for cognitive and mood outcomes.
Meneo D et al. • Sleep medicine reviews (2023)
Longitudinal results were inconclusive.
Klevebrant L et al. • General hospital psychiatry (2022)
The results confirm that caffeine at doses roughly equivalent to 5 cups of coffee induces panic attacks in a large proportion of PD patients and highly discriminates this population from healthy adults.
Karimi M et al. • Journal of health, population, and nutrition (2024)
The current evidence suggests no significant relationship between caffeine intake and ED, but limited studies limit conclusions.
Gama B et al. • Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition (2024)
According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, the use of caffeine at usual doses in preterm infants does not seem to be associated with significant gastrointestinal adverse effects.
Gardiner C et al. • Sleep medicine reviews (2023)
Caffeine consumption reduced total sleep time by 45 min and sleep efficiency by 7%, with an increase in sleep onset latency of 9 min and wake after sleep onset of 12 min.
Kua KP et al. • British journal of clinical pharmacology (2017)
The findings suggest that early caffeine therapy is associated with reduced incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and may help decrease the burden of morbidities in preterm infants.
López-Torres O et al. • Nutrients (2022)
More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.
Jiménez SL et al. • Nutrients (2021)
Overall, the current systematic review provides evidence of the efficacy of caffeinated drinks as a valid form for caffeine supplementation in sport.
Oliphant EA et al. • Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association (2024)
This meta-analysis examined the effects of Caffeine.
Hartmann EV et al. • Behavioral and brain functions : BBF (2024)
This meta-analysis examined the effects of Caffeine.
Krittanawong C et al. • European journal of preventive cardiology (2021)
This meta-analysis examined the effects of Caffeine.