63 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 8.8/10
Zhao JG et al. • JAMA (2017)
Evidence does not support the use of calcium or vitamin D supplements for the prevention of fractures in community-dwelling older adults.
Hofmeyr GJ et al. • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2018)
Calcium supplementation halved the risk of pre-eclampsia and may have reduced related maternal and infant morbidity.
Yao P et al. • JAMA Network Open (2019)
Supplementation with vitamin D plus calcium was associated with significantly decreased all-fracture risk, but neither vitamin D alone nor calcium alone was associated with reduced fracture risk.
Tai V et al. • BMJ (2015)
Increasing calcium intake from dietary sources or by taking calcium supplements produces small non-progressive increases in BMD, which are unlikely to lead to a clinically significant reduction in risk of fracture.
Woo Kinshella ML et al. • BJOG (2022)
High-dose calcium supplementation was the most effective intervention for preeclampsia prevention, especially in populations with low calcium intake.
Cho H et al. • Cellular signalling (2026)
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Zhou XL et al. • Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology (2026)
This review will systematically elaborate on the molecular characteristics of S100A12 and PTX3, explore their synergistic mechanism and combined diagnostic value in IPA, and analyze their prospects for clinical application.Copyright © 2026 Zhou, Hu and Liu.
Lafayette R et al. • The New England journal of medicine (2026)
In this prespecified interim analysis, treatment with atacicept resulted in a significantly greater reduction in proteinuria than placebo at week 36 in patients with IgA nephropathy. (Funded by Vera Therapeutics; ORIGIN 3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04716231.).
Liu C et al. • Food & Function (2020)
Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation significantly improved bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk in postmenopausal women.
Bolland MJ et al. • BMJ (2015)
There was no reduction in risk of fracture with supplemental calcium from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies.
Tan L et al. • BMC Geriatrics (2024)
Combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation was associated with reduced fall risk in older adults compared to placebo.
Cluver CA et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
Pre-conception calcium supplementation showed promising reductions in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, though evidence remains limited compared to supplementation initiated during pregnancy.
Chung M et al. • Annals of internal medicine (2016)
Updated systematic review found insufficient evidence to conclude that calcium supplementation increases cardiovascular disease risk, though observational data remained mixed.
Kongwattanakul K et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2024)
Cochrane review found that calcium supplementation during pregnancy, independent of its antihypertensive effects, was associated with improvements in infant birth weight and neonatal bone mineral content.
Cormick G et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2024)
Cochrane review found limited evidence that calcium supplementation produces clinically meaningful weight loss or metabolic improvements in people with overweight or obesity.
Sim MG et al. • Heart, Lung & Circulation (2023)
Calcium supplementation was not significantly associated with increased cardiovascular disease or stroke risk in most meta-analytic estimates.
Liu Y et al. • eLife (2022)
Calcium supplementation had small positive effects on bone mineral density in individuals under 35, with the greatest benefits seen in those with low baseline calcium intake.
Asbaghi O et al. • Hormone and Metabolic Research (2019)
Calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation significantly improved insulin sensitivity and fasting blood glucose in metabolic conditions.
Asbaghi O et al. • Cytokine (2020)
Vitamin D-calcium co-supplementation significantly reduced CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects.
Derakhshandeh-Rishehri SM et al. • Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2022)
Calcium supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, with a modest but significant effect on lipid profiles.