39 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 8/10
Mohammadi S et al. • BMC complementary medicine and therapies (2025)
Supplementation with PBE may ameliorate specific cardiometabolic risk factors, as indicated by reductions in body weight, DBP, SBP, FBS, LDL, and HbA1c levels.
Zhou P et al. • PloS one (2024)
The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary.
Fogacci F et al. • Angiology (2020)
Therefore, the present meta-analysis does not suggest any significant effect of pycnogenol on BP.
Martinez-Zapata MJ et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020)
There is moderate-certainty evidence that phlebotonics probably reduce oedema slightly, compared to placebo; moderate-certainty evidence of little or no difference in QoL; and low-certainty evidence that these drugs do not influence ulcer healing.
Robertson NU et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020)
Small sample sizes, limited numbers of RCTs per condition, variation in outcome measures, and poor reporting of the included RCTs mean no definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy or safety of pine bark extract supplements are possible.
Hadi A et al. • Phytotherapy research : PTR (2019)
Since there are few phytochemicals that have a significant increasing effect on HDL-C levels, pycnogenol may have important role in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Malekahmadi M et al. • Pharmacological research (2019)
This meta-analysis suggests that pycnogenol may have a role in preventing cardiometabolic disease.
Gómez-Bueno MP et al. • Actas urologicas espanolas (2025)
Pharmacological therapy with cabergoline, yohimbine, bupropion, and pycnogenol can have a positive effect on the orgasmic function of patients with primary or secondary anorgasmia.
Maimoona A et al. • Phytotherapy Research (2019)
Pycnogenol demonstrated consistent benefits for chronic venous insufficiency, diabetic retinopathy, and cardiovascular function across multiple clinical trials.
Rhim HC et al. • The journal of sexual medicine (2019)
The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence on the effectiveness of arginine supplements for mild to moderate ED.
Tian Y et al. • Frontiers in endocrinology (2023)
These results indicate that the combination of PAL may have a significant effect on improving sexual function in patients with mild to moderate ED.
Li E et al. • BMC complementary medicine and therapies (2025)
Current evidence supports the use of ginger and turmeric for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, however, given the high clinical heterogeneity and low quality of the review, our confidence in this finding is somewhat limited.
Pourmasoumi M et al. • Phytotherapy research : PTR (2020)
Further, high quality randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm this result.
Schoonees A et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012)
Current evidence is insufficient to support Pycnogenol(®) use for the treatment of any chronic disorder.
Cândido RCF et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2021)
We found no certain evidence that IR methylphenidate compared with placebo or lithium can reduce symptoms of ADHD in adults (low- and very low-certainty evidence).
Schoonees A et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012)
Current evidence is insufficient to support Pycnogenol(®) use for the treatment of any chronic disorder.
Pourmasoumi M et al. • Phytotherapy Research (2020)
Pycnogenol supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure in a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Sahebkar A • Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics (2014)
Current clinical evidence does not suggest any significant effect of Pycnogenol on fasting lipid profile.
d'Unienville NMA et al. • Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2021)
Foods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent.
Crawford C et al. • Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) (2019)
Currently the scientific evidence is insufficiently robust to establish definitive clinical practice guidelines, but processes could be established to track the impact of these ingredients.