Choline vs Vitamin A

2-4 weeks

4-8 weeks

1-2 weeks

With high doses

2-4 weeks

2-4 weeks

4-8 weeks

With chronic excess

Association of choline and betaine with the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Meta-analysis

European journal of clinical investigation (2023) · Meta analysis · n=33009

Random-effects model results showed that highest versus lowest quantile of circulating choline concentrations were associated with the risk of CVD (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.61) and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12-2.36).

Higher dietary choline intake is associated with increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies

Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2024) · Meta analysis · n=482778

This study showed that each 100 mg/day increment in choline consumption was significantly associated with a 6% and 11% higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality respectively.

Activity of Choline Alphoscerate on Adult-Onset Cognitive Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2023) · Meta analysis · n=1326

We found significant effects of α-GPC in combination with donepezil on cognition [4 RCTs, mean difference (MD):1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20 to 3.25], functional outcomes [3 RCTs, MD:0.79, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.23], and behavioral outcomes [4 RCTs; MD: -7.61, 95% CI: -10.31 to -4.91].

Effects of primary or secondary prevention with vitamin A supplementation on clinically important outcomes: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

BMJ open (2024) · Meta analysis · n=672

Vitamin A did not reduce mortality in individually randomised trials (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.05; I²=32%; p=0.19; 105 trials; moderate certainty), and this effect was not affected by the risk of bias.

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients (2020) · Meta analysis · n=451723

IFA supplementation showed notable improvement in maternal anemia and the reduction in low birthweight, whereas LNS supplementation had no apparent effect on outcomes; further research that compares LNS and MMN supplementation could help understand differences with these commodities.

Vitamin A supplements for reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2017) · Meta analysis · n=6601

Antepartum or postpartum vitamin A supplementation, or both, probably has little or no effect on mother-to-child transmission of HIV in women living with HIV infection and not on antiretroviral drugs.