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Co6.0
Choline – Forschung
Hilft vermutlich
46 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Hilft vermutlich
Choline half in etwa der Hälfte (8/14) der Studien, die einen Effekt gemessen haben — vielversprechend, aber nicht einhellig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2005–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 884 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 46 Studien · 14 Meta-Analysen · 12 RCTs · 894,595 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Hohe Konfidenz
Was die Studien gefunden haben
8geholfen3unklar3nicht geholfen· 32 weitere ohne bewertete Effektdaten
Nach Outcome
Cognitive functionEssenzielle Acetylcholin-Vorstufe, entscheidend für die Gedächtnisbildung · 2-4 Wochen
Hilft wahrscheinlich20 Studien
Women's healthUnterstützt einen gesunden Östrogenstoffwechsel und das hormonelle Gleichgewicht · 4-8 Wochen · Liefert essenzielle Nährstoffe für eine gesunde Schwangerschaft · Fortlaufend
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung15 Studien
Therapeutic & clinical
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Heart & blood pressure
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Lean body mass & muscle growth
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Safety profile
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Neuroprotection & brain agingEssenziell für die Synthese von Acetylcholin und neuronalen Membranen · Fortlaufend
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Liver healthVerhindert die Ansammlung einer Fettleber · 4-8 Wochen
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
In Zahlen
Aus 31 Studien mit messbaren Effekten gezogen
Wahrscheinlich echte Effekte
50%
über Studien hinweg
Untersuchte Personen
895k
typische Studie: 884 Personen
Stärkste Designs
26
14 gepoolt, 12 randomisiert
Zeigte Nutzen
57%
8/14 Studien
Wie lange Studien liefen
1–3 Monate
2
3+ Monate
1
Untersuchte Populationen
General population4
Pregnant women4
Adults2
Patients with neurological conditions associated with cerebrovascular injury1
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
36 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2026
200520152026
1Cognitive outcomesMeta-AnalyseCited 27×n=1,326 · large study2023
α-GPC alone or in combination with donepezil improved cognition, behavior, and functional outcomes among patients with neurological conditions associated with cerebrovascular injury.
Sagaro GG et al. · Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2023)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
We found significant effects of α-GPC in combination with donepezil on cognition [4 RCTs, mean difference (MD):1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20 to 3.25], functional outcomes [3 RCTs, MD:0.79, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.23], and behavioral outcomes [4 RCTs; MD: -7.61, 95% CI: -10.31 to -4.91].
We also observed that patients who received α-GPC had significantly better cognition than those who received either placebo or other medications [MD: 3.50, 95% CI: 0.36 to 6.63].
α-GPC alone or in combination with donepezil improved cognition, behavior, and functional outcomes among patients with neurological conditions associated with cerebrovascular injury.
2Cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortalityMeta-AnalyseCited 13×n=33,009 · very large study2023
Higher levels of circulating choline were associated with a higher risk of CVD and all-cause mortality.
Yang Q et al. · European journal of clinical investigation (2023)
Groß Schaden
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Random-effects model results showed that highest versus lowest quantile of circulating choline concentrations were associated with the risk of CVD (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04-1.61) and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12-2.36).
We also observed the risk of CVD were increased 13% (5%-22%) with per SD increment.
Furthermore, highest versus lowest quantile of circulating betaine concentrations were not associated with the risk of CVD (RR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.92-1.24) and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 0.96-2.01).
3All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortalityMeta-AnalyseCited 2×n=482,778 · very large study2024
This study showed that each 100 mg/day increment in choline consumption was significantly associated with a 6% and 11% higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality respectively.
Sharifi-Zahabi E et al. · Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) (2024)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
This study showed that each 100 mg/day increment in choline consumption was significantly associated with a 6% and 11% higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality respectively.
In addition, a significant positive relationship between betaine intake and stroke mortality at doses of 50 to 250 mg/day was observed.
Due to the small number of the included studies and heterogeneity among them more well-designed prospective observational studies considering potential confounding variables are required.
4Incident coronary heart diseaseKohorten=14,430 · very large study2007
Higher intakes of choline and betaine were not protective for incident CHD.
Bidulescu A et al. · BMC cardiovascular disorders (2007)
Compared with the lowest quartile of intake, incident CHD risk was slightly and non-significantly higher in the highest quartile of choline and choline plus betaine, HR = 1.22 (0.91, 1.64) and HR = 1.14 (0.85, 1.53).
No association was found between dietary choline intake and incident CHD when correcting for measurement error.
Higher intakes of choline and betaine were not protective for incident CHD.
5Muscle fat metabolism and protein homeostasisSystematische ÜbersichtCited 39×n=1,239 · large study2020
Our scoping review elucidates and summarizes the crucial role of choline in modulating muscle fat metabolism, muscle proteins homeostasis, and the modulation of inflammation and autophagy.
Moretti A et al. · Nutrients (2020)
Our scoping review elucidates and summarizes the crucial role of choline in modulating muscle fat metabolism, muscle proteins homeostasis, and the modulation of inflammation and autophagy.
6Dementia riskKohorteCited 71×n=2,497 · very large study2019
Higher phosphatidylcholine intake was associated with a lower risk of incident dementia; total choline intake was associated with better cognitive performance.
Ylilauri MPT et al. · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2019)
Highest vs lowest phosphatidylcholine-intake quartile had 28% lower incident-dementia risk
Total choline intake showed no association with incident dementia risk
Both total choline and phosphatidylcholine intake were associated with better cognitive performance
7cognitive performanceKohorten=1,391 · large study2011
In this community-based population of nondemented individuals, higher concurrent choline intake was related to better cognitive performance, whereas higher remote choline intake was associated with little to no WMHV.
Poly C et al. · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2011)
Performance on the verbal memory and visual memory factors was better with higher concurrent choline intake in multivariable-adjusted models.
Remote choline intake was inversely related to log-transformed white-matter hyperintensity volume.
An inverse association was observed between remote higher choline intake and presence of large white-matter hyperintensity volume (OR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.92; P = 0.01).
The existing guidelines highlight the importance of choline in supporting maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy.
Nguyen HT et al. · Nutrition reviews (2025)
Kein klarer Effekt
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Meta-analysis of 12 prevalence studies revealed a concerning 11.24% (95% confidence interval, 6.34-17.26) prevalence of pregnant women with adequate choline intake recommendations.
A meta-analysis of 6 studies indicated a significant association between high maternal choline levels and a reduced risk of developing APOs, with an odds ratio of 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.65).
The existing guidelines highlight the importance of choline in supporting maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy.
9Breast cancer riskMeta-AnalyseCited 12×n=21 · very small study2023
This study did not suggest an effect of dietary intake of methionine, choline, nor betaine on breast cancer risk, mainly due to the lack of precision of the combined risk estimates as few studies are available.
Van Puyvelde H et al. · Cancer epidemiology (2023)
This study did not suggest an effect of dietary intake of methionine, choline, nor betaine on breast cancer risk, mainly due to the lack of precision of the combined risk estimates as few studies are available.
To overcome this uncertainty, more well-designed studies with relevant individual-level covariates are needed.
10Tardive dyskinesia deteriorationMeta-AnalyseCited 20×n=60 · small study2018
TD remains a major public health problem.
Tammenmaa-Aho I et al. · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018)
Kein klarer Effekt
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Eight trials found that cholinergic drugs may make little or no difference to deterioration of TD symptoms (low-quality evidence, RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.24; 147 people).
Again, due to very low-quality evidence, we are uncertain about the effects on mental state (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.10 to 2.61; 77 people, 5 RCTs), adverse events (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.15 to 2.14; 106 people, 4 RCTs), and leaving the study early (RR 1.09,95% CI 0.56 to 2.10; 288 people 12 RCTs).
Low maternal choline intake/circulating concentrations were associated with a higher OR for NTDs among 1131 mothers of newborns with NTDs and 4439 control mothers (pooled estimate = 1.36; 95% CI: 1...
Obeid R et al. · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) (2022)
Groß Schaden
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Low maternal choline intake/circulating concentrations were associated with a higher OR for NTDs among 1131 mothers of newborns with NTDs and 4439 control mothers (pooled estimate = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.67).
The 95% prediction intervals were 0.78, 2.36.
The risk could be up to 2.36-fold in some populations.
Health policies and guidelines should consider re-evaluation to help communicate and impart potential choline benefits through diet and/or supplementation approaches across this critical life stage.
Derbyshire E et al. · Nutrients (2020)
In total, 813 publications were subject to the title/abstract review, and 38 animal and 16 human studies were included after evaluation.
Overall, most offspring would benefit from increased choline supply during the first 1000 days of life, particularly in relation to helping facilitate normal brain development.
Health policies and guidelines should consider re-evaluation to help communicate and impart potential choline benefits through diet and/or supplementation approaches across this critical life stage.
14Type 2 diabetes incidenceMeta-Analysen=76,678 · very large study2026
The findings of this study do not advocate the role of dietary choline/betaine in T2D incidence.
Sharifi-Zahabi E et al. · Journal of diabetes research (2026)
Kein klarer Effekt
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Borderline
Compared with the lowest category of dietary choline, the combined RR for the diabetes incidence was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.33; p = 0.058; I 2 = 63.1%) for the highest category of dietary choline.
Compared with the lowest category of dietary betaine, the combined RR for the diabetes incidence was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.10; p = 0.871; I 2 = 58.1%).
The findings of this study do not advocate the role of dietary choline/betaine in T2D incidence.
Conclusions Current evidence is insufficient to support or refute the hypothesis that increasing choline intake in pregnancy improves the neurodevelopmental outcomes of the child.
Gould JF, Hines S, Best KP, Grzeskowiak LE, Jansen O, Green TJ. · Nutrients (2025)
Still, each trial included multiple outcomes, and most were null.
Observational studies were mixed as to whether an association between prenatal choline and an aspect of child neurodevelopment was identified.
Critical limitations were present across clinical trials and observational studies, preventing confidence in the results and evidence base.
16Heart failure incidence and adverse clinical outcomesMeta-Analysen=267,569 · very large study2025
Choline metabolites are implicated in HF development and progression.
Shokravi A et al. · Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease (2025)
Groß Schaden
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Likely real
Elevated choline and PC were significantly associated with an increased incidence of HF respectively HR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.07-1.66, p = 0.0107) and HR 1.25 (95 % CI 1.16-1.34, p < 0.0001).
In established HF, elevated betaine levels were significantly associated with a composite of adverse clinical outcomes (HR 1.15, 95 % CI 1.02-1.30, p = 0.0206).
Choline metabolites are implicated in HF development and progression.
Conclusions Alongside folic acid recommendations, choline supplementation should be considered in dietary recommendations by clinicians during crucial life stages such as pregnancy and lactation when physiological demands for this critical nutrient substantially increase.
Derbyshire EJ. · Nutrients (2025)
However, there are clear present-day gaps between habitual choline intakes and intake recommendations with the majority of pregnant and lactating women not meeting adequate intake recommendations for choline.
This gap is anticipated to widen given transitions towards plant-based diets which tend to be lower in choline.
Conclusions Alongside folic acid recommendations, choline supplementation should be considered in dietary recommendations by clinicians during crucial life stages such as pregnancy and lactation when physiological demands for this critical nutrient substantially increase.
19Hyperphagia improvementRCTCited 30×n=127 · medium study2023
DCCR did not significantly improve hyperphagia in the primary analysis but did in participants with severe baseline hyperphagia and in the pre-COVID analysis.
Miller JL et al. · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2023)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Could be chance
DCCR did not significantly improve hyperphagia (HQ-CT least-square mean (LSmean) [SE] -5.94 [0.879] vs -4.27 [1.145]; P = .198), but did so in participants with severe hyperphagia (LSmean [SE] -9.67 [1.429] vs -4.26 [1.896]; P = .012).
In general, DCCR was well tolerated with 83.3% in the DCCR group experiencing a treatment-emergent adverse event and 73.8% in the placebo group (not significant).
DCCR did not significantly improve hyperphagia in the primary analysis but did in participants with severe baseline hyperphagia and in the pre-COVID analysis.