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Cln3.0
Clenbuterol – Forschung
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
14 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
Die meisten Studien zu Clenbuterol sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus mittelwertigen randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 1992–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 113 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 14 Studien · 3 RCTs · 127 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Mittlere Konfidenz
Nach Outcome
Safety profile
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung6 Studien
Fat loss & repartitioning (animal)Führt bei Tieren zu magereren Schlachtkörpern, doch es existiert keine humane RCT zum Fettabbau, und es verursacht kardiale Toxizität (Tachykardie, Arrhythmie, Myokardinfarkt), Hypokaliämie und Tremor. Im Sport verboten und in den USA nicht für den Menschen zugelassen. · Beim Menschen nicht belegt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Muscle / lean mass (animal)Muskuläre/antikatabole Effekte nur bei Tieren beobachtet; keine humane Evidenz für die Körperform und erhebliches kardiales/Elektrolyt-Risiko. · Beim Menschen nicht belegt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Cardiac toxicity
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
9 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren
199220092026
1RCTn=14 · very small study2026
These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of β 2 -AR stimulation for improving muscle-specific glucose uptake in individuals with or at risk for developing diabetes.
Van Lier PMG, van de Weijer T, Vanweert F, Brouwers K, Nijssen KMR, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, van Beek SMM, Springer S, Wierts R, Joris PJ, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Phielix E, Bengtsson T, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. · Nature communications (2026)
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake tended to improve in vastus lateralis (15%, p = 0.072) and increased significantly in the hamstring (13%, p = 0.039) muscle, while BAT uptake (p = 0.720) remained unaffected.
A total of 14 participants were recruited and randomized.
These findings suggest potential therapeutic benefits of β 2 -AR stimulation for improving muscle-specific glucose uptake in individuals with or at risk for developing diabetes.
What is new • Cipaglucosidase alfa with miglustat and clenbuterol show promising results but show common adverse events. • Pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) and gene therapy are new emerging options that can offer potential improvements and require further research.
Khan M, Awan Z, Ali EA, Ibrahim M, Riaz F, Zulfiqar E, Kumar A, Khan TM, Amer SA. · European journal of pediatrics (2025)
Among the ERT, alglucosidase alfa significantly improves the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and forced vital capacity (FVC%), but immunogenic and infusion-related reaction rates are high.
On the contrary, avaglucosidase alfa has superior efficacy in improving 6MWT and FVC% along with fewer side effects.
Based on the Triple-S consensus, switching between ERTs should be considered in cases of suboptimal response, intolerance, or significant adverse events, to ensure individualized and optimized patient care.
More discussion is needed around developing safer methods of achieving similar goals, and there is a need for increased public awareness and caution regarding its use.
However, its use may result in side effects involving the heart, muscles, and overall physical well-being, such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and muscle spasms.
In some cases, it has also been linked to accidental exposure through contaminated food.
The widespread misuse of clenbuterol raises ethical concerns in competitive environments.
Repeated injection of the oxytocin analogue carbetocin during the early postovulatory period is not detrimental to corpus luteum function and can be recommended to enhance uterine clearance.
Khan Y, El-Shalofy A, Kaps M, Gautier C, Aurich C. · Animal reproduction science (2024)
In all other mares, only minor amounts of free intrauterine fluid were present after insemination and decreased over time (P<0.05) with no treatment x time interaction.
There was no effect of treatment on polymorphonucleated cells (PMN) in endometrial cytology after ovulation or PGFM secretion.
Progesterone release from day 1-14 as well as pregnancy rate and conceptus size on day 14 was not influenced by treatment.
The distinct effects of these agents on KLHL41 support current anti-doping regulations prohibiting clenbuterol use and highlight KLHL41 as a potential molecular marker of skeletal muscle adaptation to hypertrophic stimuli.
Hostrup M, Moesgaard L, Thomassen M, Deshmukh A, Jessen S. · Drug testing and analysis (2026)
Prolonged oral clenbuterol administration significantly increased KLHL41 abundance compared to placebo (p < 0.001), with a magnitude similar to that observed after resistance training (p < 0.01), whereas therapeutic inhaled formoterol had no effect on KLHL41 levels.
Neither acute clenbuterol administration nor a single resistance training session altered KLHL41 abundance, and no sex differences were observed in baseline KLHL41 levels.
These findings indicate that beta 2 -adrenergic stimulation via oral clenbuterol, but not therapeutic inhalation of formoterol, promotes sarcomeric remodeling through KLHL41-related pathways similar to those activated by resistance training.
Clenbuterol does not affect left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass.
Hostrup M, Moesgaard L, Fischer M, Wickham KA, Pleshardt M, Andersen AB, Bejder J, Thomassen M, Nielsen JJ, Dehnes Y, Bangsbo J, Nordsborg NB, Jessen S. · The Journal of physiology (2025)
Compared to placebo, clenbuterol induced a 0.91 kg lean mass gain (95% confidence interval = 0.02-1.81, P < 0.05) but had no effect on fat mass.
Clenbuterol reduced maximal oxygen uptake by 7% (P < 0.001) and exercise capacity by 4% (P < 0.001) but had no effects on sprint power output, left ventricular mass, intravascular blood volume or haemoglobin mass.
Clenbuterol increased muscle protein content (P < 0.05) and PECAM-1 abundance (P < 0.05) but repressed HAD activity (P < 0.01) and OXPHOS complex V abundance (P < 0.05).
The mechanism of action is likely activation of β2-ARs in the CNS.
Eijsvogel PPNM, Borghans LGJM, Prins S, Moss L, van Kraaij SJW, van Brummelen E, Klaassen E, Martin RS, Bautista E, Ford AP, Kremer PHC, Groeneveld GJ, Vargas GA. · Journal of Parkinson's disease (2024)
In Part B, clenbuterol significantly increased performance in adaptive tracking with a tendency toward improved performance in immediate and delayed verbal recall.
Typical cardiovascular peripheral β2-AR effects were observed with clenbuterol.
Conclusions This study demonstrates the pro-cognitive effects of clenbuterol in HVs with similar trends in PD-patients.
Animal experiments further confirmed that inflammation and the immune regulatory effect of JZOL in the treatment of AB were of vital importance and TRP channels were the key mechanism of action.
Fan Q, Wu C, Du Y, Wang B, Xie Y, Zhang Z, Su W, Wang Z, Xu C, Li X, Ding Y, An X, Chen J, Xiao Y, Yu R, Li N, Wang J, Teng Y, Lv H, Yang N, Wen Y, Huang X, Pan W, Liu Y, Xi X, Zhao Q, Liu C, Xu J, Zhang H, Zhuo L, Rong Q, Xia Y, Shen Q, Li S, Wang J, Wu S. · Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B (2024)
The median time-to-cough resolution in both groups was 5.0 days and the antitussive onset median time was only 1 day.
This randomized controlled trial showed that JZOL was not inferior to cough suppressant and phlegm resolving western medicine in treating cough and sputum and could comprehensively treat respiratory and systemic discomfort symptoms.
Combined with clinical trials, the mechanism of JZOL against AB was uncovered by network target analysis, it was found that the pathways in TRP channels like IL-1 β /IL1R/TRPV1/TRPA1, NGF/TrkA/TRPV1/TRPA1, and PGE2/EP/PKA/TRPV1/TRPA1 might play important roles.
Major adverse events experienced by athletes were supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, hypotension, chest pain, myocardial injury, myocarditis, myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy ... and death. ... Lack of evidence regarding the performance-enhancing effects of clenbuterol combined with its serious toxicities questions the usefulness of this drug in athletes.
Kumari S, Pal B, Sahu SK, Prabhakar PK, Tewari D · International journal of legal medicine (2023)
Top-of-pyramid synthesis and mandatory counter-evidence — a PRISMA systematic review of 23 case reports/series covering 24 athletes who experienced clenbuterol adverse events
Cardiac complications were the most common serious harm: supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy — with deaths reported
Oral ingestion was the most common route; doses ranged from 20 mcg to 30 mg, all unvalidated
Serum potassium nadir was 2.5 mEq/L ... initial lactate was 9.4 mmol/L ... Three patients underwent cardiac catheterization and none had significant coronary artery disease. Clenbuterol was detected in all patients after comprehensive testing.
Hieger MA, Emswiler MP, Maskell KF, Sentz JT, Miller KB, Wolf CE, Cumpston KL, Wills BK · The Journal of emergency medicine (2016)
A cluster of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed clenbuterol exposure from adulterated heroin — the clearest human toxicity anchor
Presenting with chest pain, dyspnea, palpitations; median heart rate 120 beats/min, severe hypokalemia (K+ nadir 2.5 mEq/L), elevated lactate, and troponin elevation
Myocardial injury occurred despite clean coronary arteries on catheterization — direct beta-2-mediated cardiac toxicity, not atherosclerotic
In an investigation of 113 cases of clenbuterol poisoning in Catalonia, Spain, in 1992, more than 50 percent of those affected were found to have had symptoms of nervousness, tachycardia, muscle tremors, myalgia, and headache.
Salleras L, Domínguez A, Mata E, Taberner JL, Moro I, Salvà P · Public health reports (1995)
A 113-case food-poisoning outbreak from clenbuterol-tainted veal liver — documents the population-level harm of illicit clenbuterol in the food chain
Over half of those affected had nervousness, tachycardia, muscle tremors, myalgia, and headache; symptoms lasted up to 6 days
Clenbuterol detected in 47 urine samples (11–486 ppb); the liver–illness association was highly significant (P < 0.0001)
Clenbuterol, presented to rats in the diet (4 mg/kg), caused significant increases in gastrocnemius muscle mass, protein, and RNA content and a decrease in epididymal fat pad mass ... the anabolic effects of clenbuterol are dependent on interaction with the beta 2-adrenoceptor.
Choo JJ, Horan MA, Little RA, Rothwell NJ · The American journal of physiology (1992)
Foundational mechanism / repartitioning study — in rats, dietary clenbuterol increased muscle mass, protein, and RNA while decreasing fat-pad mass
The selective beta-2 antagonist ICI-118,551 reversed the anabolic effect, establishing that the repartitioning effect is beta-2-adrenoceptor-mediated
A long duration of action was required, consistent with clenbuterol's long half-life versus shorter beta-2 agonists like salbutamol
Clenbuterol indeed largely prevented skeletal muscle waste in AH-130-bearing rats by restoring protein degradative rates close to control values ... through a decrease of the hyperactivation of the ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway.
Costelli P, García-Martínez C, Llovera M, Carbó N, López-Soriano FJ, Agell N, Tessitore L, Baccino FM, Argilés JM · The Journal of clinical investigation (1995)
Outcome anchor for the anti-catabolic claim — in a cancer-cachexia rat model, clenbuterol largely prevented skeletal-muscle protein wasting
Worked by suppressing the hyperactivated ATP-ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway, restoring protein-degradation rates toward normal
Showed muscle-specific action without measurable effects on parenchymal organs or on corticosterone/insulin — a clean repartitioning mechanism
The hypertrophy was more pronounced for hindlimb skeletal muscle (21% to 35% for GPS), and the effects of this relatively high dose of clenbuterol on the heart were less marked (18% to 20% hypertrophy).