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Fst1.8
Follistatin – Forschung
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
14 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
Die meisten Studien zu Follistatin sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus mittelwertigen randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2001–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 62 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 14 Studien · 5 RCTs · 365 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Mittlere Konfidenz
Nach Outcome
Lean body mass & muscle growthDramatische Muskelhypertrophie bei Tieren; keine kontrollierte Evidenz beim Menschen für das injizierbare Peptid und eine breite, schlecht charakterisierte hormonelle Biologie. · Nicht belegt (keine Studien am Menschen zu dem Peptid)
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung8 Studien
Therapeutic & clinical
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Muscle strength & powerDramatische Muskelhypertrophie bei Tieren; keine kontrollierte Evidenz beim Menschen für das injizierbare Peptid und eine breite, schlecht charakterisierte hormonelle Biologie. · Nicht belegt (keine Studien am Menschen zu dem Peptid)
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Safety profile
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
7 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren
200120132026
1RCT2018
Glasser CE, Gartner MR, Wilson D, Miller B, Sherman ML, Attie KM · Muscle Nerve (2018)
Zimber MP, Ziering C, Zeigler F, Hubka M, Mansbridge JN, Baumgartner M · J Drugs Dermatol (2011)
3Systematische Übersichtn=260 · medium study2026
Cruz-Pierard S, Iñiguez-Jiménez S. · Biomolecules (2026)
Interventions combining resistance exercise three times per week at 60-80% of one-repetition maximum with daily protein supplementation of at least 15 g, mainly from dairy sources, showed synergistic effects.
Improvements were observed in inflammatory and anabolic biomarkers, with reductions in myostatin, activin, and IL-6, and increases in IGF-1, follistatin, and IL-10.
Functional outcomes included gains in muscle strength, fat-free mass, and muscle fiber cross-sectional area.
Einfach gesagt: Further research is warranted to confirm and clarify the clinical significance of these changes, to further study hormonal changes and identify strategies to preserve muscle mass during weight loss.
Gutierrez de Piñeres V, Ramirez-Cisneros A, Tamayo-Torres CS, Angelidi AM, Kavelidou M, Stefanakis K, Mantzoros CS. · Diabetes research and clinical practice (2026)
Absolute lean mass in the trunk and extremities decreased, whereas relative lean mass and fat-free mass percentages remained stable at treatment completion.
Absolute fat-free mass was slightly but significantly lower.
Conclusions Short-term liraglutide treatment reduces total and regional mass without altering relative body composition.
Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Makras P, Savvidis M, Mantzoros CS. · Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2024)
In conclusion, activins B and AB, as well as the ratios of all activins to follistatin and of activin AB to FSTL3 increased with teriparatide treatment, possibly in a compensatory manner.
Future studies are needed to study the potentially important role activins may play in bone biology and any associations with the effect of teriparatide on BMD.
Einfach gesagt: Longer studies should assess whether sustained treatment modifies total and lean mass as well as endocrine regulators of muscle preservation.
Gutierrez de Piñeres V, Tamayo-Torres CS, Ramirez-Cisneros A, Kavelidou M, Stefanakis K, Mantzoros CS. · Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2026)
Results Liraglutide reduced total body mass (time × treatment p = 0.04) and lowered absolute and percent android fat (time × treatment p = 0.01 and 0.04), as well as trunk fat mass (time × treatment p = 0.04), with no changes in lean or bone compartments over 18 days.
In the liraglutide group, C-peptide decreased while total IGF-1 modestly increased (time × treatment p = 0.026 and 0.002, respectively), with no treatment effects on other MAFI components.
Conclusions Short-term liraglutide reduced total body mass and regional trunk and android fat while also improving glycaemia, with no measurable effects on lean or bone tissue.
Einfach gesagt: Further studies are needed to confirm this rhythm and clarify its clinical relevance.
Zilstorff DB, Sennels HP, Jørgensen HL, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Richter MM. · The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2026)
Results Plasma follistatin showed a significant 24-hour rhythm (P < .001) with a relative amplitude of 18% around a rhythm adjusted average (mesor ± SD) of 873 ± 25 pg/mL, peaking at 11:50 Am.
ANOVA confirmed a significant effect of time, with morning and evening levels differing significantly.
Conclusion Plasma follistatin displayed a significant 24-hour rhythm in our cohort of 22 healthy young men.
Einfach gesagt: AAV-mediated FST delivery exhibited decreased obesity-induced inflammatory adipokines and cytokines systemically and in the joint synovial fluid.
Einfach gesagt: Binding of myostatin to Act RIIB could be inhibited by the activin-binding protein follistatin... Independent transgenic mouse lines for each construct exhibited dramatic increases in muscle mass comparable to those seen in myostatin knockout mice.
Lee SJ, McPherron AC. · Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2001)
Foundational mechanism: follistatin binds and blocks myostatin's interaction with the activin type IIB receptor
Transgenic mice expressing follistatin in muscle developed dramatic hypertrophy comparable to myostatin-knockout mice
Establishes follistatin as one of the most potent natural myostatin antagonists and a candidate muscle-growth agent
Einfach gesagt: Administration of a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vector encoding follistatin, an inhibitor of myostatin, increased muscle mass and strength but only in Pompe mice that were treated before 10 months of age.
Einfach gesagt: Performance, annualized to a median 1-year change, improved +56.0 m/year for treated subjects compared to a decline of -25.8 m/year (p = 0.01) in untreated subjects.
Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Al-Zaidy S, Rodino-Klapac LR, Lowes LP, Alfano LN, Berry K, Miller N, Yalvac M, Dvorchik I, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Flanigan KM, Church K, Shontz K, Curry C, Lewis S, McColly M, Hogan MJ, Kaspar BK. · Mol Ther (2017)
Second human follistatin GENE-therapy trial: rAAV1.CMV.huFS344 delivered to the quadriceps of six patients with sporadic inclusion-body myositis, with an exercise regimen
6-minute-walk improved +56.0 m/year in treated subjects versus -25.8 m/year in matched untreated subjects (p=0.01)
Four of six treated subjects improved 58-153 m; two were minimally improved; treatment effects included decreased fibrosis and improved regeneration
Einfach gesagt: AAV1.CMV.FS344 was delivered to six BMD patients by direct bilateral intramuscular quadriceps injections... Patients 01 and 02 improved 58 meters (m) and 125 m, respectively.
Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Malik V, Gomez AM, Flanigan KM, Lowes LP, Alfano LN, Berry K, Meadows E, Lewis S, Braun L, Shontz K, Rouhana M, Clark KR, Rosales XQ, Al-Zaidy S, Govoni A, Rodino-Klapac LR, Hogan MJ, Kaspar BK. · Mol Ther (2015)
The closest human evidence — but it is GENE therapy, not injectable peptide: AAV1.CMV.FS344 (the follistatin gene) injected directly into the quadriceps of six men with Becker muscular dystrophy
Four of six patients improved on the 6-minute-walk test (29-125 m); two showed no change
Biopsies showed reduced endomysial fibrosis, reduced central nucleation, more normal fibre-size distribution and muscle hypertrophy, especially at the higher dose; no adverse effects reported