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His4.5
L-Histidine – Forschung
Hilft wahrscheinlich
36 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Hilft wahrscheinlich
L-Histidine scheint in 7 von 7 Studien mit messbaren Effekten zu helfen — die Evidenz tendiert klar ins Positive.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 1977–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 48 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 36 Studien · 1 Meta-Analyse · 14 RCTs · 152,967 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Hohe Konfidenz
Was die Studien gefunden haben
7geholfen· 29 weitere ohne bewertete Effektdaten
Nach Outcome
InflammationMögliche Verringerung von Entzündung/oxidativem Stress (eine RCT zum metabolischen Syndrom; begrenzte Evidenz) · 4-8 weeks
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung9 Studien
Endurance & exercise performance
Hilft wahrscheinlich8 Studien
Therapeutic & clinical
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung6 Studien
Glucose & metabolic
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung6 Studien
Cognitive function
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Recovery
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Sleep & insomnia
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Skin health
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung3 Studien
Anemia & hematology
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Heart & blood pressure
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Safety profile
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Depression & mood
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Digestive health
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
In Zahlen
Aus 26 Studien mit messbaren Effekten gezogen
Wahrscheinlich echte Effekte
50%
über Studien hinweg
Untersuchte Personen
153k
typische Studie: 48 Personen
Stärkste Designs
15
1 gepoolt, 14 randomisiert
Zeigte Nutzen
100%
7/7 Studien
Wie lange Studien liefen
1–3 Monate
2
Untersuchte Populationen
Athletes2
Breast cancer patients and mouse models1
Patients with histamine intolerance1
General population (various conditions)1
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
13 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2026
197720012026
1Anti-cancer activity in breast cancerSystematische ÜbersichtCited 12×2023
Despite this evidence, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to better understand carnosine's anti-tumoral activity, especially in the context of breast cancer.
Maugeri S et al. · Cells (2023)
Among the different types of cancer, breast cancer represents the most common non-skin cancer among women, accounting for an estimated 15% of all cancer-related deaths in women.
When tested in mice with induced breast cancer, carnosine proved to be non-toxic to healthy cells and exhibited chemopreventive activity by reducing tumor growth.
Some evidence has also been reported at the clinical level.
The purpose of this review is to build an extraordinarily specific method of histamine cycle assessment in regard to non-allergic intolerance and its possible dire consequences that can be suffered.
Shulpekova YO et al. · Nutrients (2021)
Most cases of clinical manifestations of histamine intolerance are non-specific due to tissue-specific distribution of different histamine receptors and the lack of reproducible and reliable diagnostic markers.
The diagnosis of histamine intolerance is fraught with difficulties, in addition to challenges related to the selection of a proper treatment strategy, the regular course of recovery, and reduced amelioration of chronic symptoms due to inappropriate treatment prescription.
The purpose of this review is to build an extraordinarily specific method of histamine cycle assessment in regard to non-allergic intolerance and its possible dire consequences that can be suffered.
The latter include pH-buffering, metal-ion chelation, and antioxidant capacity as well as the capacity to protect against formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products.
Boldyrev AA, Aldini G, Derave W · Physiological Reviews (2013)
Carnosine's biochemical properties include pH-buffering, metal-ion chelation, and antioxidant capacity
It protects against formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products
Promising preclinical and clinical results in diabetes and its complications, ocular disease, aging, and neurological disorders
Of concern should be findings of hepatic enlargement and increases in ammonia and glutamine and of decrease in branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) in blood plasma indicating that HIS supplementation is inappropriate in patients with liver disease.
Holeček M · Nutrients (2020)
Several decades of experience have confirmed the effectiveness of HIS as a component of solutions used for organ preservation and myocardial protection in cardiac surgery.
Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of HIS supplementation on neurological disorders, atopic dermatitis, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, uraemic anaemia, ulcers, inflammatory bowel diseases, malignancies, and muscle performance during strenuous exercise.
Signs of toxicity, mutagenic activity, and allergic reactions or peptic ulcers have not been reported, although HIS is a histamine precursor.
5Carnosine effects in brain-related disordersSystematische ÜbersichtCited 76×2019
In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of carnosine in neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders, summarizing current evidence from cell, animal, and human cross-sectional, longitudinal studies, and randomized controlled trials.
Schön M et al. · Nutrients (2019)
Neurological, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders represent a serious burden because of their increasing prevalence, risk of disability, and the lack of effective causal/disease-modifying treatments.
There is a growing body of evidence indicating potentially favourable effects of carnosine, which is an over-the-counter food supplement, in peripheral tissues.
In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of carnosine in neurological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders, summarizing current evidence from cell, animal, and human cross-sectional, longitudinal studies, and randomized controlled trials.
This systematic-review examined the effects of L-Histidine.
Harris RC et al. · Medicine and sport science (2012)
Increasing muscle carnosine through increased dietary intake of β-alanine will increase the intracellular buffering capacity, which in turn might be expected to increase high-intensity exercise capacity and performance where this is pH limited.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an incurable, inflammatory skin condition that is prevalent (∼20%) in young children.
Gibbs NK · The Journal of nutrition (2020)
Sehr groß Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Likely real
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an incurable, inflammatory skin condition that is prevalent (∼20%) in young children.
Unlike the placebo, l-histidine reduced AD (34% reduction in SCORing Atopic Dermatitis scores; P < 0.003) after 4 wk.
A survey of adults (n = 98) taking 4 g l-histidine daily reiterated a lack of causal AEs and also reported a 33% reduction in topical corticosteroid use.
9Carnosinase function and substratesSystematische ÜbersichtCited 84×2014
The main substrates of these enzymes, i.e., carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine (β-alanyl-3-methyl-L-histidine) will also be described.
Bellia F et al. · Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2014)
For this reason the use of carnosinase levels as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been questioned.
The hydrolysis of imidazole-related dipeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is also catalyzed by aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidases like PepD (EC 3.4.13.3), PepV (EC 3.4.13.19) and anserinase (EC 3.4.13.5).
The review deals with the structure and function of this class of enzymes in physiological and pathological conditions.
10Neutrophil function and influenza treatmentSystematische ÜbersichtCited 9×2014
The data presented in this article, overall, may have implications for global influenza surveillance and planning for pandemic influenza therapeutic prevention with oral forms of non-hydrolized natural L-carnosine as a suitable alternative to the conventional vaccination for various flu ailments.
Babizhayev MA et al. · Current clinical pharmacology (2014)
Carnosine and anserine were also found to reduce apoptosis of human neutrophils.
In this way these histidine-containing compounds can modulate the Influenza virus release from neutrophills and reduce virus dissemination through the body of the organism.
The data presented in this article, overall, may have implications for global influenza surveillance and planning for pandemic influenza therapeutic prevention with oral forms of non-hydrolized natural L-carnosine as a suitable alternative to the conventional vaccination for various flu ailments.
These studies strongly implicate the histaminergic neurons of the TMN to play a critical role in the maintenance of high vigilance state during wakefulness.
Thakkar MM · Sleep medicine reviews (2011)
The cerebrospinal levels of histamine are reduced in diseased states where hypersomnolence is a major symptom.
The histamine deficient L-histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC KO) mice display sleep fragmentation and increased REM sleep during the light period along with profound wakefulness deficit at dark onset, and in novel environment.
Similar results have been obtained when histamine neurons are lesioned.
12Atopic dermatitis treatment alternativesSystematische ÜbersichtCited 19×n=15 · very small study2019
Future investigative efforts should focus on reproducing some of these studies with a larger sample size whose clinical characteristics and demographics are more reflective of the general AD population, and standardizing the process to produce reliable data.
Shi K et al. · American journal of clinical dermatology (2019)
This update aims to aggregate and review these new data.
The preliminary results for many treatments such as vitamin E, East Indian Sandalwood Oil (EISO), melatonin, L-histidine, and Manuka honey show positive clinical effects, but there is currently not enough evidence to recommend their use in AD therapy.
Future investigative efforts should focus on reproducing some of these studies with a larger sample size whose clinical characteristics and demographics are more reflective of the general AD population, and standardizing the process to produce reliable data.
More high-quality RCTs are needed to verify these findings and to improve the certainty level of this body of evidence.
Hsiao YF et al. · Nutrients (2026)
Overall 58% of included RCTs were rated 'some concerns' for ROB.
Additionally, meta-analysis results showed that L-carnosine combined with anserine or antioxidant supplementation significantly improved the MMSE score compared to placebo (pooled net change = 0.62; 95% CI 0.23, 1.01), with small statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 21.3%).
Most of the studies did not show significant effects in a wide range of mood and depression outcome measures or health-related QOL (data cannot be meta-analyzed).
Given the central role of oxidative stress and inflammation across several reproductive disorders, carnosine may represent a promising therapeutic candidate not only in endometriosis, but also in broader reproductive health contexts.
Carota G, Di Pietro L, Partsinevelos K, Barbati SA, Cardaci V, Graziani A, Mangione R, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B, Di Pietro V, Maiani E, Bellia F, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Caruso G. · Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) (2026)
Carnosine has also been shown to modulate glucose, nucleotide, and lipid metabolism as well as the response of immune cells, all processes that play a key role in the context of endometriosis.
Despite numerous reviews published on the structure, role, function, and biological activities of carnosine in preclinical and clinical settings, none have focused on its therapeutic potential for the prevention or treatment of reproductive disorders, including endometriosis.
15carnosine effects on neurodegenerative disordersSystematische Übersicht2025
In this review, we also address future perspectives and key methodological challenges that must be overcome to effectively translate carnosine's biological potential into clinical practice.
Barbati SA, Carota G, Partsinevelos K, Di Pietro L, Privitera A, Cardaci V, Graziani A, Mangione R, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B, Di Pietro V, Maiani E, Bellia F, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Baba SP, Caruso G. · AIMS neuroscience (2025)
Despite promising findings, there are gaps in the knowledge on how carnosine affects synaptic plasticity, neuronal remodeling, and other processes that play a central role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.
Additionally, clinical translation remains challenging due to inconsistencies across in vivo studies in terms of dosage, treatment duration, routes of administration, and disease models, which affect reproducibility and cross-study comparability.
Therefore, while carnosine emerges as a multifunctional and well-tolerated molecule, further research is needed to clarify its therapeutic relevance in human diseases.
Because H1 and H2 receptors are discovered previously, the activities through those receptors are investigated relatively well, but as the other two types of receptors have been cloned recently, their involvement in atherosclerotic lesion should be investigated further.
Tanimoto A et al. · Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2006)
We recently observed the histidine decarboxylase-gene knockout mice ameliorates' atherosclerotic region, compared with that of the wild-type control mice.
The source of histamine in atherosclerotic lesion should be clarified in details; however, it could be macrophage, endothelial cells, and mast cells.
All four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) have the possibilities to be involved in the atherosclerotic regions.
17High-intensity exercise capacityRCTCited 23×n=235 · medium study2014
Acute carnosine supplementation does not improve high-intensity performance.
Baguet A et al. · Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) (2014)
In a subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 men performed a cycling capacity test at 110% maximal power output (CCT 110%) following acute carnosine (20 mg/kg body wt) or placebo supplementation.
Both male and female explosive athletes had significantly lower CN1 activity (14% and 21% lower, respectively) and content (30% and 33% lower, respectively) than controls.
The CCT 110% performance was not improved after carnosine supplementation, even when accounting for low/high CN1 content.
Histidine supplementation could improve IR, reduce BMI, fat mass and NEFA and suppress inflammation and oxidative stress in obese women with MetS; histidine could improve IR through suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, possibly by the NF-κB pathway, in adipocytes.
Feng RN et al. · Diabetologia (2013)
Compared with placebo, histidine significantly decreased HOMA-IR (-1.09 [95% CI -1.49, -0.68]), BMI, waist circumference and fat mass.
Serum inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, glutathione peroxidase) increased.
In vitro, histidine suppressed IL6 and TNF mRNA and NF-κB protein production in palmitic acid-induced adipocytes.
19Exercise-induced oxidative stressRCTCited 16×n=10 · very small study2020
However, anserine temporal elevated exercise-induced cell-damage, together with enhanced antioxidant activity and haematological responses suggest an augmented exercise-induced adaptative response and recovery.
Alkhatib A et al. · Nutrients (2020)
Sehr groß Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Likely real
Anserine supplementation increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 50% (p < 0.001, effect size d = 0.8 for both ANS-LD and ANS-HD), and preserved catalase (CAT) activity suggesting an improved antioxidant activity.
Haematological biomarkers were largely unaffected by anserine, its dose, and without interaction with post exercise time-course.
However, compared with ANS-LD and PLA, ANS-HD increased the mean cell volume (MCV), and decreased the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (p < 0.001).
20Gulf War illness symptomsRCTCited 76×n=25 · very small study2013
Fatigue, pain, hyperalgesia, activity and other outcomes were resistant to treatment.
Baraniuk JN et al. · Global journal of health science (2013)
About 25% of 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War veterans experience disabling fatigue, widespread pain, and cognitive dysfunction termed Gulf War illness (GWI) or Chronic Multisymptom Illness (CMI).
To determine if nutritional supplementation with L-carnosine would significantly improve pain, cognition and fatigue in GWI, a randomized double blind placebo controlled 12 week dose escalation study involving 25 GWI subjects was employed.
Carnosine had 2 potentially beneficial effects: WAIS-R scores increased significantly, and there was a decrease in diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome.