Wir verwenden standardmäßig essenzielle Cookies (Anmeldung, deine gespeicherten Ziele/Stacks). Mit deiner Erlaubnis aktivieren wir außerdem datenschutzfreundliche Analytik (Vercel Web Analytics, anonyme Ladezeit-Metriken) und Fehler-Replay-Diagnostik (Sentry — DOM-Snapshots nur, wenn ein Fehler auftritt), damit wir Bugs schneller beheben können. Mehr über Cookies erfahren
Var3.6
Vardenafil (Levitra) – Forschung
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
28 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
Die meisten Studien zu Vardenafil (Levitra) sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2001–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 765 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 28 Studien · 3 Meta-Analysen · 8 RCTs · 889,126 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Hohe Konfidenz
Nach Outcome
Erectile functionRobuste RCT- und metaanalytische Evidenz für eine dosisabhängige, klinisch bedeutsame Verbesserung der erektilen Funktion gegenüber Placebo, auch bei Männern mit Diabetes und nach Prostatektomie · ~30-60 Minuten (bei Bedarf)
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung12 Studien
Cardiovascular & vascular
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung11 Studien
Safety profile
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung10 Studien
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
22 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2025
200120132026
1Meta-Analysen=885,380 · very large study2025
Further randomized control trials to ascertain the effect of Sildenafil on AD pathology would be useful.
Chua WY, Lim LKE, Wang JJD, Mai AS, Chan LL, Tan EK. · Aging (2025)
We computed risk ratios (RR) and hazard ratios (HR) with accompanying 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for each study, and pooled the results using a random-effects meta-analysis.
Sildenafil use was associated with a reduced risk of developing AD by two-fold compared to non-use (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.82, p<0.001).
There was a similar association in risk reduction of AD in patients on PDE5 inhibitors compared to non-use (RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.38-0.80, p=0.002).
Patients with a history of skin cancer, a family history of melanoma, or other risk factors should avoid these medications.
Kreuz M, Moraes FCA, Lôbo AOM, Skov RPH, Pincelli TP. · Melanoma research (2025)
Eight studies including 7 620 765 patients were analyzed, with 2 123 165 (27.86%) comprising the PDE5 inhibitor-exposed group.
The meta-analysis found a relationship between PDE5 inhibitor use and increased melanoma risk [OR: 1.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-2.27, P = 0.009, I ² = 98%] and [HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17, P = 0.005, I ² = 43%].
When each PDE5 inhibitor was examined separately, increased melanoma incidence was observed, though not statistically significant.
Cross-sectional findings reveal substantial literacy-stratified disparities in treatment utilization and adherence, warranting prospective trials of routine health literacy assessment and tiered intervention strategies to reduce inequities and improve sexual health outcomes.
Wei L, Wu Y, Wei F, Yi Y. · Frontiers in public health (2026)
Structural equation modeling indicated that health literacy was statistically associated with an indirect pathway consistent with partial mediation of the knowledge and practice association (proportion mediated 0.31; 95% CI: 0.18-0.49; p < 0.001).
Treatment barriers decreased systematically: side effect concerns (44.1% vs. 28.1%, OR 0.51, p < 0.001), embarrassment (35.1% vs. 20.8%, OR 0.49, p < 0.001), and cost concerns (49.1% vs. 32.3%, OR 0.50, p < 0.001).
Information-seeking behaviors increased dramatically with higher literacy: active health information seeking (35.1% vs. 66.2%, OR 3.64, p < 0.001) and digital resource use (27.0% vs. 61.2%, OR 4.27, p < 0.001).
However, the overall certainty of evidence is low, and further validation in well-designed, multiethnic studies is required before clinical translation.
Ferezin LP, Kayzuka C, Paiva de Alcântara E Silva M, Tavares Peixeiro CN, Rondon-Pereira VC, Tanus-Santos JE, Lacchini R. · Frontiers in pharmacology (2026)
However, methodological limitations were pervasive: 77.8% of studies had moderate risk of bias, and 80.6% showed low certainty of evidence.
Only one study reached moderate certainty.
Discussion/conclusion Current evidence suggests that genetic polymorphisms related to nitric oxide signaling, vascular regulation, and PDE5 inhibitor pharmacodynamics are associated with variability in erectile dysfunction risk and treatment response.
Together, these issues could revolutionize the assessment of sustainability, accessibility, clinical, and regulatory aspects of SIL.
Barzani HAH, Anwar Omer R, Salih Barzani KI, Jawhar ZH, Sulaiman SH. · Critical reviews in analytical chemistry (2026)
Nevertheless, several key challenges remain with SIL, including instability, complex sample matrices, and the high cost or limited accessibility of advanced analytical tools.
Emerging directions will involve integrating green chemistry principles to lessen solvent use and impact, while advancing automation and miniaturized platforms for field applications.
In parallel with these perspectives, artificial intelligence, machine learning, or similar approaches could become crucial players in data evaluation, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling, accelerating method optimization and increasing accuracy in complex matrices.
Conclusion In summary, this review helps doctors and researchers by providing clear information about PDE5 inhibitor drugs for ED and pointing out areas where more research can improve treatment and quality of life for men with this condition.
Rajasekhar AT, Un-Nabi SS, Kaliyamoorthy S, Anusha D, S N. · The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology (2026)
Key findings PDE5 inhibitors significantly improve erectile function compared with placebo across diverse patient populations.
Adverse events are generally mild, transient, and dose-related, with a favourable benefit-risk profile when prescribed in accordance with contraindications and cardiovascular risk assessment.
Alternative therapies are effective in PDE5 inhibitor non-responders.
Conclusion Simenafil is an effective and well-tolerated therapy for patients with ED.
Yang Y, Zhang X, Jiang T, Zhao L, Li F, Yao W, Deng J, Zhang X, Yang J, Ji Z, Tong Z, Chen Y, Wang Z, Juan J, Duan H, Jiang H. · The journal of sexual medicine (2025)
Results A total of 765 patients were randomized and 92.3% completed the study.
The mean age of subjects was 41.3 years and 81.6% had moderate to severe ED (mean overall International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function (IIEF-EF) domain score 13.4).
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurred in 36.2% of patients who received simenafil (32.6% in simenafil 5 mg group, the clinically recommended dose) and in 30.9% of those who received placebo.
Further focused studies are warranted to confirm these findings and define optimal doses and duration of therapy.
Tienforti D, Felzani G, Di Pasquale AB, Barbonetti A. · Andrology (2025)
Overall, at the pairwise meta-analysis, PDE5i were four times more effective than placebo in improving erectile function (risk ratio: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.76, 6.19).
The comparative analysis from NMA revealed that tadalafil was associated with the highest SUCRA value (81%), followed by vardenafil (68%) and sildenafil (49%).
Discussion and conclusion Within the grading of comparison network, tadalafil appeared to be the best PDE5i in the treatment of SCI-related ED.
We hope that this summary will aid in better understanding of PDE5 inhibitors and provide insights for developing novel therapies targeting PDE5.
Zong T, Huang X, Zhou W, Hu Z, Jin L, Zhan P, Zhao Y, Sun J, Li G. · European journal of medicinal chemistry (2025)
Therefore, the development of novel, isozyme-selective PDE5 inhibitors is highly warranted.
In this review, we systematically summarize the research progress of PDE5 inhibitors over the past 20 years, focusing on the meticulously combing and categorizing the structures of PDE5 inhibitors and natural products exhibiting PDE5 inhibitory activities, along with their therapeutic potentials.
We hope that this summary will aid in better understanding of PDE5 inhibitors and provide insights for developing novel therapies targeting PDE5.
The aim of this narrative revision of the current literature is to demonstrate that (i) the orodispersible film of sildenafil is safe from a CV perspective; (ii) it is a discreet formulation that respects the need for privacy; and (iii) it is virtually the unique PDE5i formulation too expensive to produce outside the correct channels, making it impossible to be counterfeit.
Sansone A, Guida E, Dolci S, Frangione V, Asso A, Bellia G, Jannini EA. · Basic and clinical andrology (2025)
However, the use of PDE5is has faced several challenges.
Many patients and some healthcare providers (HCPs) often share the misconception that using these drugs can increase the risk of CVD.
Some patients might desire to fulfill the unmet need for privacy linked to the stigma of being treated for ED or might be enticed by the idea of buying drugs online, either because of shame or cheaper prices, without knowing the risks associated with counterfeit drugs.
Since sildenafil is a cost-efficient, and readily available drug with few side effects, we suggest further research to optimize its use in clinical settings.
Shahrokhi M, Naghibi F, Moraghebi S, Khorrami P, Mashayekhi-Sardoo H. · Archives of dermatological research (2025)
Topical sildenafil formulations indicated significant improvements in wound closure, vascularization, and collagen regeneration in skin wounds.
Different concentrations (topical 2% and 5% formulation, and 13 mg/kg orally) were useful, with specific dosages showing significant improvements in healing biomarkers.
The underlying mechanisms of sildenafil for accelerating wound healing are increasing nitric oxide (NO) levels and collagen synthesis.
Although tadalafil shows potential efficacy in treating cardiovascular disease, further experimental studies are needed to clarify its pharmacological effects on cardiovascular protection beyond PDE5 inhibition.
Lan TY, Chiang CH, Chen JW, Chang TT. · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA (2025)
Tadalafil is a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor commonly used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Its mechanism of action involves the inhibition of PDE5, leading to increased levels of nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the corpus cavernosum, which facilitates smooth muscle relaxation.
Although tadalafil shows potential efficacy in treating cardiovascular disease, further experimental studies are needed to clarify its pharmacological effects on cardiovascular protection beyond PDE5 inhibition.
However, there are limitations to the evidence that should be considered.
· Unknown Journal (2025)
What did we find? • We identified 3 relevant clinical studies.
What does this mean? • Initial combination therapy with 2 oral medications, an ERA and a PDE5 inhibitor, may provide better treatment outcomes in patients with PAH compared to monotherapy.
However, there are limitations to the evidence that should be considered.
14Systematische Übersicht2024
Beta-3 agonists show synergistic effects with alpha blockers for residual storage symptoms, offering similar efficacy to anticholinergics but with a better side effect profile.
Ganesan V, Agarwal D. · Current urology reports (2024)
The alpha-blocker + 5-ARI combination remains ideal for enlarged, significantly reducing clinical progression risk compared to monotherapy.
Alpha blockers continue to be the mainstay of treatment, but research is exploring the synergistic benefits of combining them with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors, and beta-3 agonists.
Alpha-blocker + PDE5 inhibitor combinations appear safe and potentially beneficial for men with concomitant erectile dysfunction; sildenafil might hold an edge over tadalafil based on limited data.
The pharmacology of avanafil, including its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, is also examined.
Al-Majed AA, AlKhairallah A, Attwa MW, Alkahtani HM, El-Azab AS, Abdel-Aziz AA, Alkhider A, Hassan SB, Bakheit AH. · Profiles of drug substances, excipients, and related methodology (2024)
While it has been explored for other potential therapeutic applications, its current approved use is limited to ED and should be used as prescribed by a medical professional.
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of avanafil, encompassing its nomenclature, physicochemical properties, methods of preparation, and identification.
Various techniques for analysing avanafil, such as electrochemical analysis, spectrophotometric, spectrofluorimetric, and chromatographic techniques, are discussed.
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review discusses the molecular changes that reduce NO-cGMP bioavailability in the penis in SCD and highlights pharmacological targets and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of priapism, including PDE5 inhibitors, hormonal modulators, NO donors, hydroxyurea, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, haptoglobin, hemopexin, and antioxidants.
Pereira DA, Calmasini FB, Costa FF, Burnett AL, Silva FH. · The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics (2024)
We also further discuss the impact of intravascular hemolysis on therapeutic approaches, present current pharmacological strategies targeting the NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway in the penis, and identify potential pharmacological targets for future priapism therapies.
In men with SCD and priapism, PDE5 inhibitor therapy and testosterone replacement have shown promising results.
Recent preclinical research reported the beneficial effect of treatment with haptoglobin and NO donors.
Moreover, safety and tolerability of youkenafil were favorable in both groups.
Lin Y, Long Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Xia X, Chen X, Huang Y, Du P, Wu J, Jia Y, Shen J. · European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (2024)
However, C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ of youkenafil were separately 16.8 %, 37.2 %, and 37.5 % higher in elders and t 1/2 of youkenafil was 2.1 h longer in elders.
T 1/2 values were 4.05 h longer in elders, with C max , AUC 0-t and AUC 0-∞ 73.7 %, 81.1 %, and 81.4 % higher in elders.
Two (8.3 %) elderly subjects reported TEAEs (all grade Ⅰ in severity) and both recovered without any treatment.
Z-scores for LVIDd and LV EDV were generally below the normal range at baseline and increased toward or within the normal range in the tadalafil groups but not in the placebo group.
Conclusions No adverse effects of tadalafil on cardiovascular function were evident based on adverse events, echocardiograms, ECG, or vital sign measurements through 48 weeks in patients with DMD.
The small mean increases in LVID and LV volume observed with tadalafil are consistent with PDE5 inhibitor pharmacology, but their clinical relevance in the context of LV tonic contraction in DMD is unknown and deserve further study.
Considering the increase in TPN171 plasma exposure, the highest dose of 5 mg TPN171 is recommended in patients with ED having mild-to-moderate HI.
Zhou J, Zhang H, Ding Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Juan J, Jiang Z, Chen H. · Clinical pharmacology in drug development (2025)
The maximum plasma concentration (C max ), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC 0-t ), and AUC extrapolated to infinite time (AUC 0-∞ ) were compared between the groups.
C max , AUC 0-t , and AUC 0-∞ were higher in groups A and B than in group C (geometric mean ratios 1.17-1.20, 1.46-1.53, and 1.45-1.54, respectively), while the elimination half-time was prolonged and clearance was reduced in the HI groups.
All adverse events were not serious and no participant withdrew from this study.