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Acv4.5
Apple Cider Vinegar Research
Mostly mechanism / observational
21 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Mostly mechanism / observational
Most Apple Cider Vinegar studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 1995–2026 with a typical study size of 1,320 participants.
Based on 21 studies · 8 meta-analyses · 12 RCTs · 2,109 total participants
Confidence
High confidence
By outcome
Glucose & metabolicModestly blunts post-meal and fasting glucose (acetic acid) · 2-12 weeks · Small improvements in glucose/lipid markers · 4-12 weeks
Mostly mechanism / observational10 studies
Weight management
Mostly mechanism / observational3 studies
Cholesterol & lipids
Too few graded studies1 study
Active research area
9 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2025
199520102026
1Meta-Analysisn=789 · large study2025
In plain English: Conclusions: Overall, this meta-analysis suggests that ACV supplementation may be a promising and accessible adjunctive strategy for short-term weight management in adults with excess body weight or metabolic complications.
Castagna A, Ferro Y, Noto FR, Bruno R, Aragao Guimaraes A, Pujia C, Mazza E, Maurotti S, Montalcini T, Pujia A. · Nutrients (2025)
The pooled results using a random-effects model showed that daily ACV intake significantly reduced body weight [SMD: -0.39; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.15; p = 0.001; I 2 = 62%], BMI [SMD: -0.65; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.26; p = 0.001; I 2 = 83%], and WC [SMD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.67, -0.02; p = 0.04; I 2 = 61%].
Subgroup analyses suggested that ACV consumption significantly improved anthropometric parameters when administered for up to 12 weeks, at a dose of 30 mL/day, and in adults who were overweight, obese, or had type 2 diabetes.
However, no significant effects of ACV were observed on the other body composition parameters analyzed.
In plain English: Conclusion This meta-analysis showed that consumption of ACV has a favorable effect in decreasing some CMS risk factors including FBG, HbA1c, and TC.
Tehrani SD, Keshani M, Rouhani MH, Moallem SA, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A. · Current medicinal chemistry (2025)
ACV consumption could significantly improve the levels of FBG (-21.20 mg/dl; 95% CI: -32.31 to -2.21; I 2 : 95.8%), HbA1c (-0.91mg/dl; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.21; I 2 : 98.9%), and TC (-6.72 mg/dl; 95% CI: -12.91 to -0.53; I 2 :50.8%).
Subgroup analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG, HbA1c, TC, and TG in diabetic patients.
In this type of analysis, ACV consumption significantly reduced FBG levels when administered for both duration subgroups (≥12 and <12 weeks).
In plain English: ACV did not significantly change 24-h urine parameters.
Baker B et al. · International urology and nephrology (2026)
Coconut water (+ 273.8 mg/24 h, 95% CI 67.9-480 mg/24 h) and lemon water (+ 167.7 mg/24 h, 95% CI 16-319 mg/24 h) were associated with increased urinary citrate.
ACV did not significantly change 24-h urine parameters.
Coconut water and lemon water increased urinary citrate.