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Caf9.5
Caffeine Research
Likely helps
983 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Likely helps
Caffeine appears to help in 26 of 32 studies with measurable effects — the evidence leans clearly favourable.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 2008–2026 with a typical study size of 100 participants.
Based on 980 studies · 154 meta-analyses · 686 RCTs · 276,036 total participants
Confidence
High confidence
What the studies found
26helped5unclear1didn't help· 948 more without graded effect data
By outcome
Cognitive functionEnhances short-term memory consolidation and recall · 30-60 minutes
However, aerobic responses to caffeine vary substantially, with time-trial performance ranging from ~-3% to +16%.
Data were pooled using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals under random-effects models, and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.
Both low and moderate caffeine doses significantly reduced time-trial completion time relative to placebo.
In plain English: The relationship between caffeine intake and IBD risk varies by region, age, caffeine source, smoking, and education level.
Wu X et al. · Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology (2026)
No clear effect
← WorseNo effectBetter →
The meta-analysis showed no significant association between caffeine intake and IBD (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.68-1.04).
In Americans, caffeine increased UC risk by 68% (RR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.17-2.42).
Age analysis showed caffeine increased IBD risk by 4.52 times in those ≤18 (RR = 4.52, 95% CI = 1.59-12.88) but decreased risk by 7% in those >18 (RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.73-1.18).
7Panic attacks in panic disorder patientsMeta-Analysisn=237 · medium study2022
In plain English: The results confirm that caffeine at doses roughly equivalent to 5 cups of coffee induces panic attacks in a large proportion of PD patients and highly discriminates this population from healthy adults.
Klevebrant L et al. · General hospital psychiatry (2022)
Huge benefit
← WorseNo effectBetter →
The 9 studies investigating panic attacks included 237 patients, of which 51.1% had a panic attack following caffeine, but none after placebo.
Six of these studies compared 128 patients with 115 healthy controls (HC), finding that patients (53.9%) were more vulnerable than HC (1.7%) for panic attacks following caffeine (log RR: 3.47; 95% CI 2.06-4.87).
Six studies investigated subjective anxiety in 121 patients and 111 HC following caffeine, with an overall effect indicating increased sensitivity to the anxiogenic effects of caffeine in the patient group (Hedges' g = 1.02 [95% CI: 0.09-1.96]).