Brunvoll SH, Nygaard AB, Ellingjord-Dale M, Holland P, Istre MS, Kalleberg KT · BMJ (2022)
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16 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most Cod Liver Oil studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality randomised trials published 1983–2025 with a typical study size of 1,156 participants.
Based on 16 studies · 12 RCTs · 1,250 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
3 studies in the last 5 years
Brunvoll SH, Nygaard AB, Ellingjord-Dale M, Holland P, Istre MS, Kalleberg KT · BMJ (2022)
Brox JH, Killie JE, Osterud B, Holme S, Nordøy A · Acta Med Scand (1983)
Skúladóttir GV, Gudmundsdóttir E, Olafsdóttir E, Gudmundsson TV, Hardarson T, Kristinsson A · J Intern Med (1990)
Vertkin AL, Martynov IV, Svetova IuB, Gaĭdukova EV, Bikbov TM, Martynov AI · Klin Med (Mosk) (1994)
Galarraga B, Ho M, Youssef HM, Hill A, McMahon H, Hall C · Rheumatology (Oxford) (2008)
Helland IB, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA · Eur J Clin Nutr (1998)
Stammers T, Sibbald B, Freeling P · Ann Rheum Dis (1992)
Hardarson T, Kristinsson A, Skúladóttir G, Asvaldsdóttir H, Snorrason SP · J Intern Med (1989)
Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D, Psaltopoulou T, Giolis A, Antoniades C, Tsiamis E · Eur J Clin Nutr (2011)
Jensen T, Stender S, Goldstein K, Hølmer G, Deckert T · N Engl J Med (1989)
Brox J, Olaussen K, Osterud B, Elvevoll EO, Bjørnstad E, Brattebøg G · Lipids (2001)
Yang S, Lin R, Si L, Li Z, Jian W, Yu Q · J Diabetes Res (2019)
In plain English: Vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine remains the most effective intervention to prevent measles, and efforts are urgently needed to achieve the requisite 95% vaccination rate to improve public health, confer herd immunity, and eradicate measles.
Oldham MM, Benavides S, Boylan PM. · Pediatric allergy, immunology, and pulmonology (2025)
In plain English: The Endocrine Society Guidelines recommends for all ages that adequate vitamin D obtained from the sun, foods and supplements is necessary in order to maintain a circulating concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of at least 30 ng/mL for maximum bone health.
Holick MF. · Advances in food and nutrition research (2024)
In plain English: Young children given daily cod liver oil plus a multivitamin-mineral showed a statistically significant decline in upper-respiratory pediatric visits over the winter, while the control group showed no change.
Linday LA, Shindledecker RD, Tapia-Mendoza J, Dolitsky JN · Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol (2004)
In plain English: In a Norwegian case-control study, mothers who took cod liver oil during pregnancy had offspring with a lower risk of type-1 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio around 0.30).
Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, Joner G · Diabetologia (2000)