Rahman OF et al. · Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews (2026)
- Recovery-enhancing agents such as epithalon, delta sleep-inducing peptide, and pinealon target circadian and mitochondrial regulators, and neuroactive peptides like selank, semax, and dihexa enhance brain-derived neurotrophic factor and HGF/c-Met pathways critical to neuroplasticity.
- Although preclinical studies are promising, there is a current lack of clinical trials.
- This review integrates current mechanistic insights with orthopaedic relevance, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and future directions for responsible integration into musculoskeletal care.