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7 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most Goldenseal studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from medium-quality randomised trials published 2005–2025.
Based on 7 studies · 4 RCTs
Confidence
ModerateBy outcome
2 studies in the last 5 years
A controlled human study found goldenseal significantly inhibited the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4.
Gurley BJ et al. · Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2008)
A controlled study confirmed goldenseal altered CYP-mediated drug metabolism (unlike kava).
Gurley BJ et al. · Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals (2007)
An in-vivo study found goldenseal (among botanicals) modulated cytochrome P450 activity.
Gurley BJ et al. · Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2005)
A systematic review identified goldenseal among herbal 'perpetrators' of pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
Hermann R et al. · Planta medica (2012)
A pharmacokinetic study examined goldenseal's interaction with metformin (a transporter substrate).
Nguyen JT et al. · Clinical and translational science (2025)
A study assessed goldenseal in transporter-mediated natural-product–drug interactions.
Nguyen JT et al. · Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (2021)
A systematic review of natural-product–HIV-drug interactions flagged goldenseal's CYP inhibition.
Mills E et al. · International journal of STD & AIDS (2005)