1Meta-Analysis2018
Wei Y, Wang Y, Tang X, Liu B, Shen L, Long C · J Paediatr Child Health (2018)
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390 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 1976–2026 with a typical study size of 774 participants.
Based on 387 studies · 65 meta-analyses · 305 RCTs · 2,489 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
Only 38 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2026
Wei Y, Wang Y, Tang X, Liu B, Shen L, Long C · J Paediatr Child Health (2018)
Besbaci M, Abdelli A, Minviel JJ, Belabdi I, Kaidi R, Raboisson D · J Dairy Sci (2020)
Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM, Papanikolaou E, Bontis J, Devroey P, Tarlatzis BC · Hum Reprod Update (2007)
Morley LC, Simpson N, Tang T · Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2013)
Hu KL, Wang S, Ye X, Zhang D, Hunt S · Reprod Biol Endocrinol (2021)
Evans MI, Krantz DA, Hallahan TW, Galen RS · Am J Obstet Gynecol (2007)
Warne DW, Decosterd G, Okada H, Yano Y, Koide N, Howles CM · Fertil Steril (2009)
Tang L, Nie S, Ling L, Zhu Q · J Obstet Gynaecol (2025)
Venetis CA, Kolibianakis EM, Bosdou JK, Tarlatzis BC · Hum Reprod Update (2013)
Nosarka S, Kruger T, Siebert I, Grové D · Gynecol Obstet Invest (2005)
Carp HJ · Gynecol Endocrinol (2010)
Murugesu S, Theodorou E, Kasaven LS, Jones BP, Saso S, Ben-Nagi J · J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod (2023)
D'Angelo A, Amso NN, Hassan R · Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2017)
Bu Q, Pan Z, Jiang S, Wang A, Cheng H · Horm Metab Res (2016)
Osuna C, Matorras R, Pijoan JI, Rodríguez-Escudero FJ · Fertil Steril (2004)
Qin Q, Chang H, Zhou S, Zhang S, Yuan D, Yu LL · J Reprod Immunol (2021)
van Mello NM, Mol F, Opmeer BC, Ankum WM, Barnhart K, Coomarasamy A · Hum Reprod Update (2012)
Checa MA, Espinós JJ, Requena A · Fertil Steril (2012)
Howles CM, Saunders H, Alam V, Engrand P · Curr Med Res Opin (2006)
Henna MR, Del Nero RG, Sampaio CZ, Atallah AN, Schettini ST, Castro AA · Pediatr Surg Int (2004)