1Meta-Analysis2006
Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2006)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
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134 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
T3 (Liothyronine) doesn't have enough studies with structured effect-size data yet to pool a verdict. Browse the studies below for individual findings.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 1979–2026 with a typical study size of 2,007 participants.
Based on 134 studies · 17 meta-analyses · 84 RCTs · 2,013 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
45 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2026
Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2006)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Nassar M, Hassan A, Ramadan S, Desouki MT, Hassan MA, Chaudhuri A · BMC Endocr Disord (2024)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP · Am J Psychiatry (2001)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Ma C, Xie J, Huang X, Wang G, Wang Y, Wang X · Nucl Med Commun (2009)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Flores S, Loomba RS, Checchia PA, Graham EM, Bronicki RA · Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (2020)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Dhital R, Poudel DR, Tachamo N, Gyawali B, Basnet S, Shrestha P · J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis (2017)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Aronson R, Offman HJ, Joffe RT, Naylor CD · Arch Gen Psychiatry (1996)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Beltrão FEL, Carvalhal G, Meneghini V, Matos DAR, Beltrão DCA, Andrade BARM · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2026)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Shi C, Bao Y, Chen X, Tian L · Endocr Pract (2022)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Fischman A, Domínguez JM · Medwave (2018)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Joffe RT, Brimacombe M, Levitt AJ, Stagnaro-Green A · Psychosomatics (2007)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Bahl S, Taylor PN, Premawardhana LD, Stedman M, Heald A, Dayan CM · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2025)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Radman MR, Slee AE, Marwali EM, Portman MA · Pediatr Cardiol (2024)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
de Lima Beltrão FE, Carvalhal G, de Almeida Beltrão DC, de Lima Beltrão FE, Ribeiro MO, Ettleson MD · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2025)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Cooper-Kazaz R, Lerer B · Int J Neuropsychopharmacol (2008)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Escobar-Morreale HF, Botella-Carretero JI, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G · J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2005)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Kraut E, Farahani P · Clin Invest Med (2015)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Vargas-Uricoechea H, Wartofsky L · Int J Mol Sci (2024)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
Nygaard B · BMJ Clin Evid (2014)
No plain-language summary recorded for this citation — open the paper to read its abstract.
In plain English: This NMA suggests a superiority of the regulatory approved adjunctive atypical antipsychotics, thyroid hormones, dopamine compounds (modafinil and lisdexamfetamine) and lithium.
Nuñez NA et al. · Journal of affective disorders (2022)