Byambasuren O, Atkins T, Baptista S, Glasziou P, Chakraborty S · BMJ Open (2026)
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34 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN) studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 1995–2026 with a typical study size of 80 participants.
Based on 34 studies · 4 meta-analyses · 13 RCTs · 2,735 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
21 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2026
Byambasuren O, Atkins T, Baptista S, Glasziou P, Chakraborty S · BMJ Open (2026)
Parker CE, Nguyen TM, Segal D, MacDonald JK, Chande N · Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2018)
Hegde NC, Mishra A, V D, Maiti R, Hota D, Srinivasan A · Curr Pain Headache Rep (2025)
Ologunowa A, Otoo MN, Caffrey AR, Buchanan A, Eze UJ, Vyas A · J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother (2025)
Kim PS, Fishman MA · Curr Pain Headache Rep (2020)
Liubchenko K, Kordbacheh K, Khajehdehi N, Visnjevac T, Ma F, Khan JS · Adv Ther (2021)
Ekelem C, Juhasz M, Khera P, Mesinkovska NA · JAMA Dermatol (2019)
Radi R, Huang H, Rivera J, Lyon C, DeSanto K · J Fam Pract (2023)
Bruun-Plesner K, Blichfeldt-Eckhardt MR, Vaegter HB, Lauridsen JT, Amris K, Toft P · Pain Med (2020)
Bouvard MP, Leboyer M, Launay JM, Recasens C, Plumet MH, Waller-Perotte D · Psychiatry Res (1995)
Sharafaddinzadeh N, Moghtaderi A, Kashipazha D, Majdinasab N, Shalbafan B · Mult Scler (2010)
Lajevardi V, Salarvand F, Ghiasi M, Nasimi M, Taraz M · J Dermatolog Treat (2022)
Srinivasan A, Dutta P, Bansal D, Chakrabarti A, Bhansali AK, Hota D · J Diabetes (2021)
Smith JP, Field D, Bingaman SI, Evans R, Mauger DT · J Clin Gastroenterol (2013)
Cree BA, Kornyeyeva E, Goodin DS · Ann Neurol (2010)
Smith JP, Bingaman SI, Ruggiero F, Mauger DT, Mukherjee A, McGovern CO · Dig Dis Sci (2011)
Mischoulon D, Hylek L, Yeung AS, Clain AJ, Baer L, Cusin C · J Affect Disord (2017)
Younger J, Noor N, McCue R, Mackey S · Arthritis Rheum (2013)
In plain English: LDN was associated with a statistically significant reduction in PEG in adult chronic pain patients, however the clinical significance is unclear as over 75% of patients discontinued LDN due to lack of benefit.
N Irwin M, A Cooke D, Berland D, D Marshall V, A Smith M. · Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy (2024)
Naik H, Cooke E, Boulter T, Dyer R, Bone JN, Tsai M, Cristobal J, McKay RJ, Song X, Nacul L. · BMJ open (2024)