Synephrine Research

The Safety and Efficacy of Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extracts and p-Synephrine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Koncz D, Tóth B, Bahar MA, Roza O, Csupor D · Nutrients (2022)

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Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise of Increasing Intensity in Healthy Active Women.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Posada-Ayala M · Nutrients (2022)

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Dose-Response Effects of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate During Exercise of Increasing Intensity.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Del Coso J · Phytother Res (2018)

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Cardiovascular Safety of Oral p-Synephrine (Bitter Orange) in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross-over Clinical Trial.

Shara M, Stohs SJ, Mukattash TL · Phytother Res (2016)

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Acute p-synephrine ingestion increases fat oxidation rate during exercise.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Del Coso J · Br J Clin Pharmacol (2016)

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Acute consumption of p-synephrine does not enhance performance in sprint athletes.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Salinero JJ, Abían-Vicen J, Areces F, Lara B, Gallo C · Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2016)

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p-Synephrine, the main protoalkaloid of Citrus aurantium, raises fat oxidation during exercise in elite cyclists.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Baltazar-Martins G, Rodríguez I, Lara B, Ruiz-Moreno C, Aguilar-Navarro M · Eur J Sport Sci (2021)

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Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes.

Stohs SJ, Preuss HG, Keith SC, Keith PL, Miller H, Kaats GR · Int J Med Sci (2011)

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Acute p-synephrine ingestion increases whole-body fat oxidation during 1-h of cycling at Fatmax.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Ruiz-Moreno C, Del Coso J · Eur J Nutr (2020)

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Does the Time of Day Play a Role in the Acute Effect of p-Synephrine on Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Women? A Randomized, Crossover and Double-Blind Study.

Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Del Coso J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Varillas-Delgado D, Ruiz-Moreno C, López-Samanés Á · Nutrients (2022)

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p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties

Stohs SJ et al. · Phytotherapy research : PTR (2020)

The safety and effectiveness of commonly-marketed natural supplements for weight loss in populations with obesity: A critical review of the literature from 2006 to 2016

In plain English: However, in some cases extreme side-effects such as liver and kidney failure were observed.Conclusion: Contrary to popular belief, results of this review suggest that the use of natural supplements for weight loss are unlikely to contribute to meaningful weight loss and in some cases may contribute to harm.

Wharton S et al. · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2020)

Effects of p-Synephrine during Exercise: A Brief Narrative Review

In plain English: However, more research is still necessary to determine if the effect of p-synephrine on fat oxidation during exercise is maintained with chronic ingestion, in order to ascertain the utility of this substance in conjunction with exercise programs to produce an effective body fat/weight loss reduction.

Ruiz-Moreno C et al. · Nutrients (2021)

Effect of a Combination of Citrus Flavones and Flavanones and Olive Polyphenols for the Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease Risk: An Exploratory Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Subjects

In plain English: All these findings, taken together, support a beneficial effect of supplementation with a mixture of grapefruit, bitter orange fruits, and olive leaf extracts on underlying mechanisms that may interact each other to decrease the cardiovascular risk in healthy people.

Sánchez Macarro M et al. · Nutrients (2020)

Safety and efficacy of citrus aurantium for weight loss.

In plain English: An extensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and the Cochrane Collaboration Database identified only 1 eligible randomized placebo controlled trial, which followed 20 patients for 6 weeks, demonstrated no statistically significant benefit for weight loss, and provided limited information about the safety of the herb.

Bent S et al. · The American journal of cardiology (2004)

An evidence-based systematic review of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.

In plain English: An evidence-based systematic review of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration consolidates the safety and efficacy data available in the scientific literature using a validated, reproducible grading rationale.

Ulbricht C et al. · Journal of dietary supplements (2013)

Review of Published Bitter Orange Extract and p-Synephrine Adverse Event Clinical Study Case Reports.

In plain English: In no case was a direct correlation between the event and p-synephrine made.

Stohs SJ et al. · Journal of dietary supplements (2020)

Dietary supplements for obesity

In plain English: In particular, the mechanism of action, results of clinical trials, and possible side effects will be presented for the following ingredients: β-Glucans, bitter orange, calcium, vitamin D, chitosan, chromium, cocoa, coleus forskohlii, conjugate linoleic acid, ephedra sinica, fucoxanthin, garcinia cambogia, glucomannan, green coffee, green tea, guar gum, raspberry, hoodia gordonii, irvingia gabonensis, phenylpropylamine, pyruvate, white kidney bean.

Bonetti G et al. · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene (2022)

Effect of Citrus aurantium capsules on peripartum anxiety and postpartum blues: a randomized triple -blind clinical trial

In plain English: Citrus aurantium capsule reduces anxiety during and after childbirth and is recommended for use in anxious patients.

Ahmadinia F et al. · BMC complementary medicine and therapies (2026)

Sweet and bitter oranges: An updated comparative review of their bioactives, nutrition, food quality, therapeutic merits and biowaste valorization practices

In plain English: The detailed action mechanism and safety of Citrus bioactives, as well as processing technologies to further improve its effects are posed as future research perspectives.

Farag MA et al. · Food chemistry (2020)