1Meta-Analysis2023
Lee TW, Kao PY, Chen YC, Wang ST · Gerontology (2023)
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660 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most Testosterone (TRT) studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 1968–2026 with a typical study size of 55,593 participants.
Based on 660 studies · 95 meta-analyses · 523 RCTs · 55,593 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
110 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2026
Lee TW, Kao PY, Chen YC, Wang ST · Gerontology (2023)
Zhang Z, Kang D, Li H · BMC Endocr Disord (2020)
Anagnostis P, Divaris E, Zidrou M, Kassi E, Tournis S · Maturitas (2026)
Isidori AM, Giannetta E, Gianfrilli D, Greco EA, Bonifacio V, Aversa A · Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2005)
Wagner GJ, Rabkin JG, Rabkin R · Compr Psychiatry (1996)
Elliott J, Kelly SE, Millar AC, Peterson J, Chen L, Johnston A · BMJ Open (2017)
Kohn TP, Mata DA, Ramasamy R, Lipshultz LI · Eur Urol (2016)
Tao J, Liu X, Bai W · Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2020)
Perleth M · Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich (2007)
Albert SG, Morley JE · Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2016)
Mahmoud M, Kawtharany H, Awali M, Mahmoud N, Mohamed I, Syn WK · Clin Transl Gastroenterol (2025)
Borst SE, Shuster JJ, Zou B, Ye F, Jia H, Wokhlu A · BMC Med (2014)
Achilli C, Pundir J, Ramanathan P, Sabatini L, Hamoda H, Panay N · Fertil Steril (2017)
Neto WK, Gama EF, Rocha LY, Ramos CC, Taets W, Scapini KB · Age (Dordr) (2015)
Algeffari M, Jayasena CN, MacKeith P, Thapar A, Dhillo WS, Oliver N · Diabet Med (2018)
Corona G, Maseroli E, Rastrelli G, Isidori AM, Sforza A, Mannucci E · Expert Opin Drug Saf (2014)
Whitsel EA, Boyko EJ, Matsumoto AM, Anawalt BD, Siscovick DS · Am J Med (2001)
Xu L, Freeman G, Cowling BJ, Schooling CM · BMC Med (2013)
Corona G, Isidori AM, Buvat J, Aversa A, Rastrelli G, Hackett G · J Sex Med (2014)
Amanatkar HR, Chibnall JT, Seo BW, Manepalli JN, Grossberg GT · Ann Clin Psychiatry (2014)