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Tml1.8

Thymalin Research

Mostly mechanism / observational

6 peer-reviewed studies

What the evidence says

Mostly mechanism / observational

Most Thymalin studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.

Most evidence is from mixed-quality randomised trials published 2003–2023.

Based on 6 studies · 1 RCT

Confidence

Low confidence

By outcome

Immune supportA thymic peptide preparation studied for immunorestoration (T-lymphocyte differentiation) and cytokine-storm dampening, incl. an unblinded COVID-19 adjuvant signal; supporting human data are open-label/low-quality. · Not established
Mostly mechanism / observational5 studies
Inflammation
Mostly mechanism / observational4 studies

Active research area

3 studies in the last 5 years

200320132023

1RCT2003

Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG · Neuro Endocrinol Lett (2003)

2In Vitro2020

In plain English: Thymalin reduced the expression of CD44 (stem cell marker) and CD117... by 2-3 times and increased the expression of CD28 (marker of mature T lymphocytes) by 6.8 times.

Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, Polyakova VO, Drobintseva AO, Kvetnaia TV, Ivko OM. · Bull Exp Biol Med (2020)

In-vitro study of thymalin on human hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation and CD28 expression
Thymalin lowered stem/intermediate markers (CD44, CD117) and raised the mature-T-cell marker CD28 6.8-fold
Interpreted as thymalin driving differentiation of precursors into mature CD28+ T lymphocytes, relevant to COVID-19 immune suppression

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3Animal2011

In plain English: FTS level in old mice increased after administration of thymalin, the rhythm of CD4+-cells number in bone marrow and of corticosterone serum content restored.

Labunets IF, Rodnichenko AE, Magdich LV, Butenko GM. · Adv Gerontol (2011)

Animal study of thymalin's effect on bone-marrow precursor cells and CD4+ cells in young vs old mice across seasons
In old mice, thymalin raised thymic-serum-factor levels and restored the rhythm of bone-marrow CD4+ cells and corticosterone
Supports an immunorestorative effect in aged animals consistent with the proposed mechanism

4In Vitro2023

In plain English: An in vitro model of an inflammatory reaction demonstrated that Thymalin and EW and KE dipeptides reduced the synthesis of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1.4-6.0 times.

Linkova N, Khavinson V, Diatlova A, Petukhov M, Vladimirova E, Sukhareva M, Ilina A. · Int J Mol Sci (2023)

Mechanistic study of thymalin's active dipeptides KE and EW using molecular docking, bioinformatics and an in-vitro LPS inflammation model
In LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, thymalin/KE/EW reduced IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by 1.4-6-fold
Proposed gene targets (AKT1/AKT2, ACE2, CYSLTR1, CHUK) link the peptides to cytokine-storm pathways

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5Open-Label2021

In plain English: The addition of thymalin to standard therapy accelerated the decline in both these indicators and the indicators of the T cell system.

Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Trofimova SV, Volchkov VA, Rukavishnikova SA, Titova ON, Akhmedov TA, Trofimov AV, Potemkin VV, Magen E. · Stem Cell Rev Rep (2021)

Clinical report of thymalin added to standard COVID-19 therapy, framed around its effect on hematopoietic stem-cell differentiation
Adding thymalin accelerated the decline of IL-6, C-reactive protein and D-dimer versus standard care alone
Authors argue this helps reduce thrombotic risk and supports inclusion in complex COVID-19 treatment

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6Open-Label2022

In plain English: Hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients after standard therapy, Tocilizumab and Thymalin application was 40,9; 28,4 and 20,6% accordingly.

Kuznik BI, Shapovalov KG, Smolyakov YN, Lukyanov SA, Tereshkov PP, Kazantseva LS, Linkova NS. · Adv Gerontol (2022)

Comparative (non-blinded) clinical study of severe COVID-19 in middle-aged/elderly patients: standard therapy vs +tocilizumab vs +thymalin
Reported hospital mortality of 40.9% (standard), 28.4% (tocilizumab) and 20.6% (thymalin)
Thymalin increased lymphocyte/monocyte counts and lowered fibrinogen, LDH and D-dimer, improving coagulation indices

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Thymalin Research

Mostly mechanism / observational

Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life.

Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Thymus and adaptive changes of bone marrow cell composition in animals of different age.

The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.

Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19.

Morphological compound and indicators of the blood clotting system in severe COVID-19 patients of middle aged and elderly during treatment of Tocilizumab and Thymalin.