Zuo S, Wang G, Han Q, Xiao H, O Santos H, Avelar Rodriguez D · Complement Ther Med (2020)
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63 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Most Tocotrienols studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality meta-analyses and randomised trials published 2002–2026 with a typical study size of 220 participants.
Based on 63 studies · 6 meta-analyses · 40 RCTs · 5,395 total participants
Confidence
High confidenceBy outcome
29 studies in the last 5 years · Latest meta-analysis: 2024
Zuo S, Wang G, Han Q, Xiao H, O Santos H, Avelar Rodriguez D · Complement Ther Med (2020)
Khor BH, Tiong HC, Tan SC, Wong SK, Chin KY, Karupaiah T · PLoS One (2021)
Phang SCW, Ahmad B, Abdul Kadir K, M Palanisamy UD · Adv Nutr (2023)
Li F, Xu B, Soltanieh S, Zanghelini F, Abu-Zaid A, Sun J · Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2022)
Violi F, Nocella C, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P · Free Radic Biol Med (2022)
In plain English: Future well-designed studies in older adults are warranted to determine whether vitamin E supplementation can preserve or improve cerebrovascular function throughout the ageing process.
Jansen S, Graham CJ, Mills DE, Bliss ES. · Nutritional neuroscience (2026)
Georgousopoulou EN, Panagiotakos DB, Mellor DD, Naumovski N · Maturitas (2017)
Ismail M, Alsalahi A, Imam MU, Ooi J, Khaza'ai H, Aljaberi MA · Nutrients (2020)
Nasir NAA, Sadikan MZ, Agarwal R · Asia Pac J Clin Nutr (2021)
Radzi NFM, Ismail NAS, Alias E · Curr Drug Targets (2018)
In plain English: This review highlights the multifaceted roles of vitamin E in brain health and underscores the urgent need for well-designed studies to clarify the distinct and synergistic effects of tocopherols and tocotrienols, particularly in human populations.
Razali RA, Ngah WZW, Makpol S, Yanagisawa D, Kato T, Tooyama I. · International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
Sharif M, Khan DA, Farhat K, Noor M, Khan MA, Rafique S · J Pak Med Assoc (2023)
Mohseni S, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Ejtahed HS, Qorbani M, Azadbakht L, Khashayar P · Daru (2022)
Retzlaff D, Dörfler J, Kutschan S, Freuding M, Büntzel J, Hübner J · Nutr Cancer (2022)
In plain English: The convergence of these neuroprotective effects suggests that TRF holds potential as a supplement to support healthy ageing or, at the very least, slow neurodegeneration by mitigating pathological changes that often begin insidiously before the onset of symptoms associated with cognitive decline.
Yunita E, Nasaruddin ML, Ramli NZ, Yahaya MF, Ahmad Damanhuri H. · International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
Raunkilde L, Hansen TF, Havelund BM, Thomsen CB, Rafaelsen SR, Lindebjerg J · Acta Oncol (2023)
Shen CL, Mo H, Yang S, Wang S, Felton CK, Tomison MD · BMJ Open (2016)
Mustad VA, Smith CA, Ruey PP, Edens NK, DeMichele SJ · Am J Clin Nutr (2002)
Ng YT, Phang SCW, Tan GCJ, Ng EY, Botross Henien NP, M Palanisamy UD · Nutrients (2020)
Rasool AH, Rahman AR, Yuen KH, Wong AR · Arch Pharm Res (2008)