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Syn4.8
Synephrine – Forschung
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
13 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
Die meisten Studien zu Synephrine sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2004–2025.
Basierend auf 13 Studien · 1 Meta-Analyse · 6 RCTs
Konfidenz
Mittlere Konfidenz
Nach Outcome
Weight managementGeringer Anstieg der Fettoxidation/Stoffwechselrate; ein klinischer Gewichtsverlust ist nicht belegt · 4-12 weeks
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Heart & blood pressure
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Safety profile
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Lean body mass & muscle growth
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
4 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2022
200420142025
1Systematische Übersicht2025
See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
Kulawik M, Bajewska K, Kulawik A. · EXCLI journal (2025)
In addition, the presence of three substitution isomers of the hydroxyl group and one chiral carbon atom causes confusion in the literature.
Studies conducted on the short-term use of p-synephrine do not indicate its toxicity at low doses for healthy people.
Further studies are needed to determine its long-term safety and possible interactions with other chemical compounds.
Based on the analyzed clinical studies, synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate, and there is no evidence that synephrine can facilitate weight loss.
Koncz D et al. · Nutrients (2022)
Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly after prolonged use (SBP 6.37 mmHg, P = 0.02; DBP 4.33 mmHg, P = 0.03)
Weight loss in the synephrine group was non-significant; body composition was unchanged
Synephrine tends to raise blood pressure and heart rate
An extensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and the Cochrane Collaboration Database identified only 1 eligible randomized placebo controlled trial, which followed 20 patients for 6 weeks, demonstrated no statistically significant benefit for weight loss, and provided limited information about the safety of the herb.
Bent S et al. · The American journal of cardiology (2004)
Only 1 eligible RCT identified (20 patients, 6 weeks)
No statistically significant benefit for weight loss
An evidence-based systematic review of bitter orange summarized modest thermogenic effects and a generally tolerable profile at low p-synephrine doses.
Ulbricht C et al. · Journal of dietary supplements (2013)
An acute intake of 3 mg/kg of p-synephrine before exercise did not modify energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise in healthy active women.
Gutiérrez-Hellín J et al. · Nutrients (2022)
No significant effect on fat oxidation rate during exercise in women
No effect on resting heart rate or blood pressure; raised resting tympanic temperature
Contrasts with prior male/mixed-sample findings of raised fat oxidation
Caffeine, p-synephrine, and p-synephrine + caffeine increased the maximal rate of fat oxidation during exercise compared with a placebo, without modifying energy expenditure or heart rate.
Gutiérrez-Hellín J et al. · Medicine and science in sports and exercise (2018)
p-Synephrine increased maximal fat oxidation during exercise (P < 0.01)
Coingestion with caffeine did not produce an additive effect on fat oxidation
No change in total energy expenditure or heart rate
The acute ingestion of p-synephrine increased the fat oxidation rate while it reduced the carbohydrate oxidation rate when exercising at low-to-moderate exercise intensities.
Gutiérrez-Hellín J et al. · British journal of clinical pharmacology (2016)
Increased maximal fat oxidation rate during exercise after a single dose (P = 0.01)
No change in energy expenditure or fat oxidation at rest
The findings of this study suggested that normal recommended dosages of 100 mg CA + 100 mg C is sufficient to promote glucose sparing at rest, with modest increases in SNS activity; however, the individual role of CA or C in this response cannot be determined.
Kliszczewicz B et al. · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2019)
Citrus aurantium + caffeine raised plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine post-ingestion
Modest increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
Individual role of CA vs caffeine could not be separated
While some evidence is promising, we conclude that larger and more rigorous clinical trials are necessary to draw adequate conclusions regarding the safety and efficacy of C. aurantium and synephrine alkaloids for promoting weight loss.
Haaz S et al. · Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity (2006)
Reviewed animal studies, weight-loss trials, acute physiologic studies and case reports
Some evidence promising but inconclusive
Larger, more rigorous trials needed for safety and efficacy