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Tmg5.8
TMG – Forschung
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
24 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung
Die meisten Studien zu TMG sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2017–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 48 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 24 Studien · 8 Meta-Analysen · 6 RCTs · 320 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Hohe Konfidenz
Nach Outcome
Heart & blood pressure
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Cholesterol & lipids
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung3 Studien
Muscle strength & powerModerate Verbesserungen der Kraft und Leistungsabgabe · 2-6 weeks
23 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2025
20172026
1Systematische Übersicht2026
These findings suggest that nutrient-sensitive epigenetic mechanisms are biologically plausible candidate biomarker layers; however, their clinical implementation is currently limited by issues including tissue specificity, reproducibility, and the need for prospective validation.
Rodríguez-Vera D et al. · International journal of molecular sciences (2026)
Recent studies have identified epigenetic signatures associated with adiposity and metabolic traits, many of which are linked to the risk of cardiometabolic disease.
This review is structured around the concept that nutrient-sensitive epigenetic mechanisms act as candidate biomarkers, linking dietary exposure to metabolic dysfunction.
Recent evidence supports the idea that nutrient-epigenetic variation could complement traditional metabolic evaluations by offering mechanistic insight and translational direction.
This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03783637 and NCT04104581.
Li Y, Novotny JA, Baer D, Hu Y, Sun Q, Zhang S, Sang S. · The American journal of clinical nutrition (2026)
In the daily grain intake study, valine betaine increased from 1.2 ± 0.4 to 22.2 ± 1.8 nM in plasma and from 39.5 ± 2.2 to 218.5 ± 8.6 μmol/mmol creatinine in urine by day 15 (P < 0.05).
These results demonstrate clear dose- and time-dependent accumulation consistent with their kinetic behavior.
Conclusions Valine betaine, isoleucine betaine, and glutamine betaine are specific biomarkers of WG wheat intake, not WG oat.
This systematic-review examined the effects of TMG.
Liu Y, Li Q, Liu R, Wang Z, Zhao S. · Foods (Basel, Switzerland) (2026)
Systematic review examining TMG efficacy
Published in Foods (Basel, Switzerland) (2026)
Further research warranted to confirm findings
4Systematische Übersicht2026
This systematic-review examined the effects of TMG.
Liu G, Wang Y, Dong X, Wang H. · Animals : an open access journal from MDPI (2026)
Systematic review examining TMG efficacy
Published in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI (2026)
Further research warranted to confirm findings
5Systematische Übersicht2025
This comprehensive review aims to investigate the multifaceted role of betaine in improving fish immunity and antioxidant responses and the mechanisms associated with these roles.
Yousefi M, Molayemraftar T, Hoseini SM, Ghafarifarsani H. · Aquaculture nutrition (2025)
Recent studies indicate that this compound not only supports growth performance but also plays a fundamental role in enhancing fish immunity.
Betaine enhances the innate defense mechanisms of fish against pathogens by increasing the activity of immune cells, especially macrophages, regulating cytokine production, and reducing inflammation.
In addition, betaine's antioxidant properties reduce oxidative stress and improve immune signaling, helping fish maintain optimal immune function even in stressful environments.
This review aims to highlight the potential of Betaine to be a key player in the future of sustainable poultry production.
Elsherbeni AI, Aldhalmi AK, Youssef IM, Kamal M, Ashour EA, Moustafa M, Al-Kahtani MA, Al-Shehri M, Abd El-Hack ME. · Journal of thermal biology (2025)
Furthermore, Bet possesses excellent osmolytic properties, which help alleviate heat stress by maintaining cellular osmotic balance and protecting body tissues from the detrimental effects of osmotic stress.
In conclusion, Betaine's cost-effectiveness and multifaceted benefits make it an ideal feed ingredient for improving poultry growth performance and mitigating the negative impacts of heat stress.
Moreover, it is recommended to use supplementation levels ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 g/kg of diet to achieve optimal poultry performance.
The rapid reduction in IL-1β and TNF-α after 1 month of use of the intervention composition suggests a safe and effective novel strategy for reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines that may offer an opportunity to diminish the inflammatory status in patients with overweight/pre-obesity.
López-López J, Reuss JM, Vinuesa-Aumedes T, Egido-Moreno S, Roselló-Llabres X, Pereira-Riveros T, Reuss D, Alonso-Gamo L, Rodríguez-Vilaboa B. · International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
Significant differences between IG and CG were observed for IL-1β ( p = 0.003; Z = 2.901; r = 0.62) and TNF-α ( p = 0.001; Z = 3.23; r = 0.69), but not for IL-4 ( p = 0.203; Z = 1.321; r = 0.28).
A significant reduction in IL-1β ( p = 0.008) and a near significant reduction in TNF-α ( p = 0.059) was found in the IG at the end of the trial.
A significantly different behavior was shown between IG and CG in the overweight/pre-obesity subgroup for IL-1β ( p = 0.014; Z = 2.430; r = 0.63) and TNF-α ( p = 0.029; Z = 2.199; r = 0.57).
Further long-term, high-quality RCTs are needed to clarify these associations.
Aryaeian N, Heydarian A, Tahvilian N, Hosseini H, Ahmadi AR, Davarpanah SH. · Nutrition journal (2025)
No significant overall effects were observed for choline (WMD = 0.10; 95% CI: - 0.92 to 1.12; p = 0.847), betaine (WMD = 0.21; 95% CI: - 8.50 to 8.92; p = 0.962), or TMAO (WMD = - 0.08; 95% CI: - 0.47 to 0.32; p = 0.692).
High heterogeneity was noted for choline and betaine (I² > 85%), but low for TMAO (I² = 23%).
Meta-regression revealed a negative association between egg dose and both choline and betaine levels (p < 0.001).
A deeper understanding of betaine may help elucidate crucial molecular mechanisms underlying its effects and offer theoretical insights for developing exercise-mimicking foods, supplements, and drugs, which are expected to benefit the human health.
Xu Y, Gao J, Wang M, Zhang H. · Frontiers in nutrition (2025)
As the global population ages, chronic diseases are posing the primary threat to the health of the elderly, significantly increasing the medical pressure on families and society.
Although exercise is a primary intervention for preventing and treating chronic diseases, many elderly individuals have motor disabilities.
Therefore, researchers are exploring natural products that mimic the therapeutic effects of exercise in individuals who are unable to exercise.
Due to the limitation in the quality of involved studies and the short duration of treatment, more RCTs with high-quality, long-term duration and pregnancy outcomes are needed for further validation.
Xie M, Qing X, Huang H, Zhang J. · Medicine (2025)
The results were expressed as standardized mean differences or risk ratios along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
The results indicated that the active form of folate supplementation might significantly increase plasma folate (P = .04), increase erythrocyte folate (P = .01), and decrease unmetabolized folic acid (P < .0001).
However, there were no significant differences in homocysteine, vitamin B12, and betaine.
These pieces of evidence are of great importance for deepening our understanding of the antidepressant mechanism of betaine, so as to develop betaine supplements for the supplementary treatment of depression.
Zhang YY, Cheng YY, Guan W. · Current drug targets (2025)
Interestingly, accumulating evidence has shown that betaine exerts a significant role in alleviating depressive-like behavior in patients and animals resulting from chronic stress.
Although the antidepressant effects of betaine have not been compared with traditional antidepressants with insufficient verification, based on the neurobiological mechanisms of depression, it may be a potential alternative medicine for the treatment of depression.
This is the first review aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the remarkable effects of betaine in the pathophysiology of depression.
This meta-analysis confirmed that CA is frequent in children across geographical areas; however, differences in the frequency of top allergens depend on regulatory interventions, indicating their value.
Seventeen studies comprising 11 593 children undergoing patch testing with 4176 (36%) PPTs were eligible for inclusion.
Children with atopic dermatitis had higher rates of PPTs for cocamidopropyl betaine, propylene glycol, lanolin alcohol and carba mix.
Across geographical areas, higher prevalences of several allergens were found in the United States compared to Europe, for example, for methylisothiazolinone.
In conclusion, betaine supplementation for at least 7 days significantly enhances muscular strength, especially lower body strength, and shows potential in improving vertical jumping performance.
Zawieja E et al. · Journal of sports sciences (2024)
Significant effect on maximal strength (SMD 0.47, 95% CI 0.04-0.89), particularly lower body
No significant effects on upper body strength, sprint power, or muscular endurance
Supplementation with at least 4 g/d of betaine for a minimum of six weeks may moderately increase plasma TC, which might be important in the context of cardiovascular health.
Zawieja EE et al. · Journal of dietary supplements (2021)
Moderately increased total cholesterol (pooled +0.34 mmol/L, p = 0.0352) at ≥4 g/d
No significant effect on LDL, HDL, or triglycerides in this analysis
A meaningful trade-off at higher doses; important caution for cardiovascular risk
The present systematic review and meta-analysis does not show any beneficial effects of betaine supplementation on body composition indices (BM, BMI, FM and FFM).
Ashtary-Larky D et al. · The British journal of nutrition (2022)
No significant change in body fat or lean mass
Tempers fat-loss claims
Performance effects are separate from body composition
Betaine 8, 4, and 2 g/day for 12-24 weeks significantly reduced ALT and other serologic markers of liver injury among participants with clinically defined MASLD and an elevated ALT.
Lim AS et al. · Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) (2026)
The primary outcome was the percent decline in the abnormal component of ALT (ie, ALT >30 for males or >25 for females).
At baseline, more than 75% of participants had NASH when tested by the MASEF score.
Approximately 35% reported mild, transient gastrointestinal symptoms.
This work provides a theoretical basis for nutritional intervention strategies for obesity and resulting metabolic diseases.
Zhang L et al. · Nutricion hospitalaria (2026)
However, the observation group exhibited superior reductions in BMI (t = 7.329, p < 0.001) and WHR (Z = 7.059, p < 0.001) compared to controls.
Additionally, the betaine group achieved greater improvements in FBG (t = 5.570), TG (Z = 3.988), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (Z = 6.929), Hcy (Z = 6.400), and AIP (t = 6.794) (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: betaine-containing nutrients applied in overweight and obese patients with HHcy are capable of effectively decreasing Hcy levels and improving constitution parameters plus glycolipid metabolism indicators in such patients.