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Tbu2.0

Tributyrin – Forschung

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

10 begutachtete Studien

Was die Evidenz sagt

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

Die meisten Studien zu Tributyrin sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.

Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus gemischt-qualitativen randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 1998–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 17 Teilnehmenden.

Basierend auf 10 Studien · 1 RCT · 62 Teilnehmende insgesamt

Konfidenz

Geringe Konfidenz

Nach Outcome

Butyrate delivery & target engagement
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung8 Studien
Cancer & antiproliferative effects
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Neurological & psychiatric conditions
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Inflammation
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Gut barrier & intestinal integrity
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
Safety & dose-limiting effects
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie

In Zahlen

Aus 10 Studien mit messbaren Effekten gezogen

Untersuchte Personen

typische Studie: 17 Personen

Stärkste Designs

0 gepoolt, 1 randomisiert

Wie lange Studien liefen

1–4 Wochen

Untersuchte Populationen

Men with overweight/obesity1

Mice and rats1

People with Parkinson's disease plus normal controls1

Human visceral adipose tissue ex vivo1

Aktives Forschungsgebiet

4 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren

199820122026

1Postprandial plasma butyrate and hexanoateCrossovern=12 · very small study2022

Einfach gesagt: In the gut model, tributyrin was rapidly cleaved in the GASTRIC compartment — the direct contradiction of the distal-delivery claim.

van Deuren T et al. · Front Nutr (2022)

PubMed does NOT index this record as a Randomized Controlled Trial despite the title; treat the human portion accordingly
In the validated TIM-1 stomach-and-small-intestine model, tributyrin/caproin was rapidly cleaved in the GASTRIC compartment, whereas the long-chain-esterified comparator released short-chain fatty acids predominantly in the small intestine
The human portion tested Akovita SCT, a MODIFIED triglyceride designed to delay release — not tributyrin itself

Quelle ansehen

2Plasma butyrate pharmacokineticsTierstudie1999

Einfach gesagt: RODENT study. Oral sodium butyrate reached about 9 mM peak plasma butyrate in mice; oral tributyrin peaked around 1.75 mM — at a dose that killed roughly 10% of the animals.

Egorin MJ et al. · Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (1999)

RODENT pharmacokinetics (mice and rats) — not human data
Oral sodium butyrate at 5 g/kg produced peak plasma butyrate of about 9 mM in mice, exceeding 1 mM for 90 minutes
Oral tributyrin at 10.3 g/kg peaked at only about 1.75 mM and stayed above 1 mM for just 10-60 minutes

Quelle ansehen

3Target engagement by [11C]butyrate PETOpen-Labeln=17 · very small study2026

Einfach gesagt: OPEN-LABEL, no control arm, no blinding — the PET imaging confirms the compound reaches tissue, and the clinical improvements are explicitly exploratory.

Bohnen JLB et al. · Neurotherapeutics (2026)

OPEN-LABEL with NO control group and NO blinding — the design cannot separate drug effect from expectation or natural variation
Fourteen people with Parkinson's disease and three normal controls completed 30 days (+/- 7) of 500 mg tributyrin orally three times daily
Ten subjects completed [11C]butyrate PET before and after, confirming organ-specific changes in brain, liver, heart and gastrointestinal butyrate uptake — genuine target engagement

Quelle ansehen

4LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine productionIn vitro2024

Einfach gesagt: Tributyrin performed comparably to plain sodium butyrate in human tissue — not better than it.

Rafiei H et al. · Int J Obes (Lond) (2024)

EX VIVO study on intact pieces of human visceral adipose tissue incubated in culture plates — not an intervention in people
Both sodium butyrate and tributyrin significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in all adipose samples tested
Tributyrin was comparable to sodium butyrate; the study does not establish the prodrug as superior

Quelle ansehen

5Plasma butyrate pharmacokinetics and tumour responseOpen-Labeln=20 · very small study2003

Einfach gesagt: No dose-limiting toxicity — and NO objective responses, with a median butyrate concentration of 52 micromolar, at the very bottom of the authors' own stated activity range.

Edelman MJ et al. · Cancer Chemother Pharmacol (2003)

20 patients with advanced solid tumours treated at 150-200 mg/kg three times daily; uncontrolled Phase I
NO objective responses were seen
Median butyrate concentration was 52 micromolar with considerable interpatient variability — the authors state in vitro differentiating activity requires levels above 50-100 micromolar

Quelle ansehen

6Plasma butyrate pharmacokinetics and toxicityOpen-Labeln=13 · very small study1998

Einfach gesagt: Butyrate disappeared from plasma by 5 h after a dose, and peak concentrations did NOT increase in the three patients who had dose escalation.

Conley BA et al. · Clin Cancer Res (1998)

13 patients treated with escalating doses of 50 to 400 mg/kg/day, once daily for 3 weeks then a 1-week rest; uncontrolled Phase I
Peak plasma butyrate ranged 0 to 0.45 mM and butyrate had DISAPPEARED from plasma by 5 hours after a dose
Peak concentrations did NOT increase in the three patients who underwent dose escalation — the exposure did not scale with dose

7Intestinal tight-junction protein expressionTierstudie2014

Einfach gesagt: MOUSE study — and the protective effect held for short-term and acute alcohol exposure but NOT after chronic ethanol feeding.

Cresci GA et al. · Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2014)

MOUSE model of ethanol-induced gut injury — no human equivalent has been run
All three ethanol protocols reduced tight-junction protein expression (ZO-1, occludin) and butyrate receptor/transporter expression in the ileum and proximal colon
Tributyrin supplementation protected against these changes

Quelle ansehen

8Cell growth inhibition and differentiationIn vitro2001

Einfach gesagt: The strongest 'tributyrin beats butyrate' result in the literature comes from a colon-cancer cell line, not from people.

Gaschott T et al. · J Nutr (2001)

CACO-2 CELL LINE — a human colon cancer cell line, the furthest thing from a clinical result
Tributyrin was more potent than natural butyrate at inhibiting growth and inducing cell differentiation
The effect was enhanced by physiological concentrations of dihydroxycholecalciferol (vitamin D)

Quelle ansehen

9Anticarcinogenic mechanismsÜbersicht2012

Einfach gesagt: A narrative review that concludes with a call for more work — 'despite the lack of data available in the literature, TB is a promising molecule'.

Heidor R et al. · Curr Drug Targets (2012)

NARRATIVE REVIEW, not a systematic review or meta-analysis — no pooled data and no quality appraisal
Summarises in vitro and in vivo work on apoptosis, cell differentiation and epigenetic modulation
Frequently cited as though it were evidence of efficacy; it is a summary of preclinical hypotheses

Quelle ansehen

10Feasibility and acceptability (protocol; no results)Pilotstudie2025

Einfach gesagt: A study PROTOCOL. There are no results — it is cited here only as evidence that a pipeline exists.

Korenblik V et al. · BMJ Open (2025)

PROTOCOL ONLY — NO RESULTS. This paper describes a planned study and reports no outcome data whatsoever
Planned as a double-blind, parallel, 1:1 randomised placebo-controlled pilot in 24 patients with mild-to-severe major depressive disorder
The PRIMARY aim is feasibility and acceptability of 8-week tributyrin (4 g/day) added to antidepressant medication — not efficacy

Quelle ansehen

In der Forschungsbibliothek ansehen

Tributyrin – Forschung

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

In Zahlen

Butyrate and hexanoate-enriched triglycerides increase postprandrial systemic butyrate and hexanoate in men with overweight/obesity: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial.

Plasma pharmacokinetics of butyrate after intravenous administration of sodium butyrate or oral administration of tributyrin or sodium butyrate to mice and rats.

Dietary tributyrin supplementation in Parkinson's disease: An open-label target engagement study.

Butyrate and tributyrin reduce LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human visceral fat.

Clinical and pharmacologic study of tributyrin: an oral butyrate prodrug.

Phase I study of the orally administered butyrate prodrug, tributyrin, in patients with solid tumors.

Tributyrin supplementation protects mice from acute ethanol-induced gut injury.

Tributyrin, a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of butyric acid, enhances antiproliferative effects of dihydroxycholecalciferol in human colon cancer cells.

Anticarcinogenic actions of tributyrin, a butyric acid prodrug.

Feasibility and acceptability of 8-week oral tributyrin supplementation as add on to antidepressant medication in patients with depression: a study protocol paper for a pilot, randomised controlled trial.