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Vk6.0
Vitamin K2 – Forschung
Hilft wahrscheinlich
60 begutachtete Studien
Was die Evidenz sagt
Hilft wahrscheinlich
Vitamin K2 scheint in 12 von 15 Studien mit messbaren Effekten zu helfen — die Evidenz tendiert klar ins Positive.
Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus hochwertigen Meta-Analysen und randomisierten Studien, veröffentlicht 2004–2026 mit einer typischen Studiengröße von 156 Teilnehmenden.
Basierend auf 60 Studien · 12 Meta-Analysen · 25 RCTs · 307,518 Teilnehmende insgesamt
Konfidenz
Hohe Konfidenz
Was die Studien gefunden haben
12geholfen3unklar· 45 weitere ohne bewertete Effektdaten
Nach Outcome
Bone healthUnterstützt die Knochenmineraldichte und die Skelettstärke · 8-12 Wochen
Hilft wahrscheinlich34 Studien
Heart & blood pressureAktiviert MGP, um Kalzium von den Arterien in die Knochen umzuleiten · 8-12 Wochen
Hilft vermutlich18 Studien
Therapeutic & clinical
Hilft wahrscheinlich15 Studien
Women's healthKann helfen, menopausale Symptome wie Hitzewallungen und Stimmungsschwankungen zu bewältigen · 4-8 Wochen · Liefert essentielle Nährstoffe für eine gesunde Schwangerschaft · Fortlaufend
Hilft wahrscheinlich11 Studien
Kidney & renal health
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung7 Studien
Glucose & metabolic
Hilft wahrscheinlich7 Studien
InflammationUnterstützt die Knochendichte und den Kalziumstoffwechsel · 6-12 Monate
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Safety profile
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Cholesterol & lipidsAktiviert MGP, um Kalzium von den Arterien in die Knochen umzuleiten · 8-12 Wochen
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung3 Studien
Cognitive function
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung3 Studien
Muscle cramps & function
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung3 Studien
Longevity & agingUnterstützt langfristig die Herz-Kreislauf- und Knochengesundheit · Monate bis Jahre
Zu wenige bewertete Studien2 Studien
Joint pain & arthritis
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie
In Zahlen
Aus 39 Studien mit messbaren Effekten gezogen
Wahrscheinlich echte Effekte
75%
über Studien hinweg
Untersuchte Personen
308k
typische Studie: 156 Personen
Stärkste Designs
37
12 gepoolt, 25 randomisiert
Zeigte Nutzen
80%
12/15 Studien
Wie lange Studien liefen
1–3 Monate
1
3+ Monate
11
Untersuchte Populationen
Postmenopausal women3
General population3
Postmenopausal osteoporosis patients1
Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis1
Aktives Forschungsgebiet
43 Studien in den letzten 5 Jahren · Neueste Meta-Analyse: 2026
200420152026
1Meta-Analysen=48,971 · very large study2024
Future research is needed to examine the effects of iron supplementation on other maternal and infant health outcomes, including infant iron status, growth, and development.
Finkelstein JL, Cuthbert A, Weeks J, Venkatramanan S, Larvie DY, De-Regil LM, Garcia-Casal MN. · The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2024)
There is probably little to no difference in maternal death (2 versus 4 events, RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.69; 3 trials, 14,060 women; moderate-certainty evidence).
Infant outcomes: Women taking iron supplements are probably less likely to have infants with low birthweight (5.2% versus 6.1%; RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.99; 12 trials, 18,290 infants; moderate-certainty evidence), compared to placebo or no iron supplementation.
However, the evidence is very uncertain for infant birthweight (MD 24.9 g, 95% CI -125.81 to 175.60; 16 trials, 18,554 infants; very low-certainty evidence).
2Bone turnover biomarkers improvementMeta-AnalyseCited 1×n=2,570 · very large study2025
Vitamin K2 supplementation improves key bone turnover biomarkers, particularly OC and ucOC.
Zhang Z et al. · Frontiers in endocrinology (2025)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Vitamin K2 (VK2) increased osteocalcin (OC; MD 1.86, 95% CI 1.17-2.56) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP; MD 1.49, 95% CI 0.98-2.00).
It reduced undercarboxylated OC (ucOC; WMD -1.54, 95% CI -2.44 to -0.64) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP; MD -0.83, 95% CI -1.21 to -0.46).
C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) showed a small, statistically significant reduction (MD -0.09, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.05) with uncertain clinical relevance.
4Lumbar spine BMD improvementMeta-AnalyseCited 44×n=6,425 · very large study2022
The results of this meta-analysis seem to indicate that VK2 supplementation has a positive effect on the maintenance and improvement of BMD LS in postmenopausal women, and it can also reduce the fracture incidence, serum uc-OC levels and the ratio of uc-OC to cOC.
Ma ML et al. · Frontiers in public health (2022)
Likely real
The overall effect test of 10 studies showed a significant improvement in lumbar spine BMD (BMD LS) (P = 0.006) with VK2.
The subgroup analysis of VK2 combination therapy showed that BMD LS was significantly maintained and improved with the administration of VK2 (P = 0.03).
The overall effect test of the six RCTs showed no significant difference in fracture incidence between the two groups (RR=0.96, P=0.65).
5Lumbar BMD percentage changeMeta-AnalyseCited 18×n=6,853 · very large study2022
This meta-analysis and systematic review seemed to support the hypothesis that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the maintenance and improvement of BMD, and it decreases uc-OC and increases OC significantly at a long-term follow-up.
Zhou M et al. · Journal of bone and mineral metabolism (2022)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Vitamin K2 was associated with a significantly increased percentage change of lumbar BMD and forearm BMD (WMD 2.17, 95% CI [1.59-2.76] and WMD 1.57, 95% CI [1.15-1.99]).
There were significant differences in undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uc-OC) reduction (WMD -0.96, 95% CI [-0.70 to 0.21]) and osteocalcin (OC) increment (WMD 26.52, 95% CI [17.06-35.98]).
Adverse reaction analysis showed that there seemed to be higher adverse reaction rates in the vitamin K2 group (RR = 1.33, 95% CI [1.11-1.59]), but no serious adverse events related to vitamin K2 supplementation.
6Coronary heart disease riskMeta-AnalyseCited 58×n=222,592 · very large study2019
Our findings showed that higher dietary vitamin K consumption was associated with a moderately lower risk of CHD, and higher plasma dp-ucMGP concentration, but not total circulating osteocalcin, was associated with increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality.
Chen HG et al. · European journal of nutrition (2019)
Kaum spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
A significant association was found between dietary phylloquinone and total CHD (pooled HR 0.92; 95% CI 0.84, 0.99; I2 = 0%; four studies), as well as menaquinone and total CHD (0.70; 95% CI 0.53, 0.93; I2 = 32.1%; two studies).
Elevated plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP), a marker of vitamin K deficiency, was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (1.84; 95% CI 1.48, 2.28; I2 = 16.8%; five studies) and CVD mortality (1.96; 95% CI 1.47, 2.61; I2 = 0%; two studies).
Our findings showed that higher dietary vitamin K consumption was associated with a moderately lower risk of CHD, and higher plasma dp-ucMGP concentration, but not total circulating osteocalcin, was associated with increased risks of all-cause and CVD mortality.
7Total BMD increaseMeta-AnalyseCited 31×n=971 · large study2020
The combination of vitamin K and D can significantly increase the total BMD and significantly decrease undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and a more favorable effect is expected when vitamin K2 is used.
Kuang X et al. · Food & function (2020)
The combination of vitamin K and D can significantly increase the total BMD and significantly decrease undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and a more favorable effect is expected when vitamin K2 is used.
Based on the findings of the present systematic review and meta-analysis, MK-7 may have beneficial effects on glycemic control and TC, although further highly qualified original research is needed for a consistent conclusion.
Nikpayam O et al. · Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators (2025)
Based on the findings of the present systematic review and meta-analysis, MK-7 may have beneficial effects on glycemic control and TC, although further highly qualified original research is needed for a consistent conclusion.
Mechanisms including inflammation reduction, oxidative stress modulation, sphingolipid regulation, and vitamin K-dependent protein signaling (e.g., GAS6 and osteocalcin) were discussed based on indirect evidence and require further investigation in depression-specific contexts.
Hashim MH et al. · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) (2025)
One small RCT demonstrated modest improvements in depression scores following vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7) supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Two preclinical studies using non-depression models reported behavioral improvements and reduced oxidative stress following vitamin K2 administration.
Conclusions: While preliminary findings suggest a potential role for vitamin K in pathways relevant to depression, the current evidence is limited by cross-sectional designs, lack of isoform-specific analyses, and the absence of depression-focused preclinical models.
Zhao QY et al. · Journal of nutritional science (2024)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Likely real
Pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were achieved by random-model effect analysis for the best estimation of outcomes.
The pooled findings showed that vitamin K supplementation can reduce homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0⋅24, 95 % CI: -0⋅49, -0⋅02, P = 0⋅047) significantly compared to the placebo group.
Subgroup analysis showed a significant effect of vitamin K2 supplementation compared to vitamin K1 supplementation on HOMA-IR.
Although the current data are insufficient to establish the optimal dose of vitamin K to prevent OA, ensuring sufficient dietary intake seems to protect the elderly from OA.
Chin KY · Nutrients (2020)
However, evidence from clinical trials is limited.
Mechanistic study shows that vitamin K activates matrix gla proteins that inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-mediated cartilage calcification.
Gla-rich proteins also inhibit inflammatory cascade in monocytic cell lines, but this function might be independent of vitamin K-carboxylation.
12Systematische ÜbersichtCited 36×n=2,000 · very large study2009
There is currently large uncertainty over whether vitamin K1 is more cost-effective than alendronate; further research is required.
Stevenson M et al. · Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) (2009)
Phylloquinone was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of clinical fractures relative to placebo [relative risk 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 0.99]; morphometric vertebral fractures were not reported.
There is currently large uncertainty over whether vitamin K1 is more cost-effective than alendronate; further research is required.
It is unlikely that the present prescribing policy (i.e. alendronate as first-line treatment) would be altered.
However, quantification of clinical efficacy in the pre-diabetic population and among individuals with comorbidities requires further investigation.
Karamzad N et al. · BioFactors (Oxford, England) (2020)
A statistically significant effect was also noted with vitamin K in improving dyslipidemia (three studies) as well as oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (five studies) in diabetic animals.
However, no evidence of effect was observed for fasting blood sugar, insulin, HOMA-IR, and homeostatic model assessment-β-cell function index (two studies).
In conclusion, clinical trials and animal studies confirm that vitamin K supplementation may improve both clinical features and complications of diabetes and pre-diabetes.
14Beobachtungsstudien=3,491 · very large study2026
Further prospective studies with balanced longitudinal follow-up are needed to clarify the potential relationship between MK-7 supplementation and pediatric linear growth.
Nevertheless, the limited number of trials with moderate quality warrants larger, longer-term RCTs with rigorous methodology and direct comparisons of vitamin K isoforms to better assess therapeutic potential.
Ahmed SR et al. · Nutrients (2026)
Spürbar Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
The Meta online tool was used to analyse data, with the results reported as either the mean or the standardised mean difference (SMD), alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI).
The evidence showed a significant reduction in FBG, SMD = -0.22 (-0.39 to -0.05), HbA1c, MD = -1.00%, 95% CI (-1.92 to -0.07), and HOMA-IR, MD = -0.63, 95% CI (-1.20 to -0.06).
However, no effect was observed on insulin (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.91 to 0.13, p = 0.15) and HOMA-β (MD = 6.56, 95% CI (-3.89 to 17.01), p = 0.2184.
16disease recurrence and mortality in hepatocellular carcinomaMeta-Analysen=1,030 · large study2025
This study suggests substantial benefits associated with VK supplementation in HCC patients, particularly in reducing DR and mortality across one, two, and three years.
de Moraes FCA et al. · Nutrition and cancer (2025)
Groß Nutzen
← SchlechterKein EffektBesser →
Likely real
VK supplementation significantly reduced disease recurrence (DR) compared to control at 1 year (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.97; p = 0.039), 2 years (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35-0.77; p = 0.001), and 3 years (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.25-0.67; p = 0.000).
Additionally, VK supplementation significantly decreased mortality at 1 year (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.60; p = 0.004), 2 years (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.82; p = 0.014), and 3 years (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21-0.66; p = 0.001).
Notably, no significant difference in adverse events was observed between VK and control groups (OR 3.56, 95% CI 0.06-198.66; p = 0.536).
17Nutritional adequacy and health outcomesSystematische Übersicht2025
Current evidence does not indicate that the absence of these non-essential nutrients in plant-based diets adversely affects health or confers disadvantages compared to omnivorous diets.
Retinol requirements can be met through the consumption of provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods, even in individuals with reduced conversion efficiency.
Endogenous synthesis adequately supports physiological needs for vitamin K2, and currently available evidence does not consistently demonstrate that dietary vitamin K2 provides additional benefits for bone or cardiovascular health.
Carnitine and creatine levels may differ between individuals following omnivorous and plant-based diets, but these differences do not result in compromised muscle function, cognitive health, or metabolic outcomes.
This review synthesizes current mechanistic, observational, and interventional evidence, aiming to clarify whether vitamin D should be reclassified-from a micronutrient to a pharmacologically relevant agent-in cardiometabolic prevention and therapy, proposing a paradigm shift toward personalized and targeted dosing strategies, characteristic of precision pharmacology.
D'Elia S et al. · International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
On the contrary, clinical efficacy is strongly dependent on baseline deficiency status and the presence of metabolic cofactors.
In this context, high-dose supplementation of Vitamin D, in combination with Vitamin K2 to prevent vascular calcification, elevates the supplement to a genuine pharmacological agent, with a distinct therapeutic potential for modulating cardiometabolic risk in selected patient subgroups.
Future research is needed to extend the dietary VK database and explore the pharmacological safety of VK and factors affecting VK bioavailability to provide more support for the bone health benefits of VK through more clinical trials.
Wang H et al. · Nutrients (2023)
Moreover, researchers continue to explore the role of VK as an emerging novel bioactive molecule with the potential function of improving bone health.
This review focuses on the effects of VK on bone health and related mechanisms, covering VK research history, homologous analogs, dietary sources, bioavailability, recommended intake, and deficiency.
The information summarized here could contribute to the basic and clinical research on VK as a natural dietary additive and drug candidate for bone health.