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Yk12.8

YK-11 – Forschung

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

5 begutachtete Studien

Was die Evidenz sagt

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

Die meisten Studien zu YK-11 sind mechanistisch oder beobachtend statt RCTs, die einen klinischen Effekt messen — betrachte die Ergebnisse als vorläufig.

Die meiste Evidenz stammt aus gemischt-qualitativen Studien, veröffentlicht 2011–2023.

Basierend auf 5 Studien

Konfidenz

Geringe Konfidenz

Nach Outcome

Androgen-receptor activity
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung5 Studien
Muscle growth (claimed, in-vitro only)Behauptungen zu Muskelwachstum und "Myostatin-Hemmung" beruhen ausschließlich auf Zellkulturen; es liegen keine Daten am Menschen (nicht einmal Wirksamkeitsdaten am lebenden Tier) vor, zudem gibt es ein Neurotoxizitätssignal bei Ratten. · Nicht belegt (nur in-vitro)
Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung4 Studien
Safety profile
Zu wenige bewertete Studien1 Studie

Stetige Forschung

1 Studie in den letzten 5 Jahren

201120172023

1Beobachtungsstudie2017

Only 52% contained selective androgen receptor modulators and many were inaccurately labeled ... most products contained unapproved drugs and substances.

Van Wagoner RM, Eichner A, Bhasin S, Deuster PA, Eichner D · JAMA (2017)

Counter-evidence on product quality: chemical analysis of 44 products sold online as SARMs (including andarine/S-4)
Only 52% actually contained a SARM; many were inaccurately labeled and contained unapproved drugs and other substances
Directly documents that what is sold as andarine is frequently not andarine, with unknown content and purity

Quelle ansehen

2Hippocampal oxidative stress & mitochondrial dysfunctionTierstudie2023

The administration of YK11 resulted in alterations in the endogenous antioxidant system, promoting increased oxidative stress and proteotoxic effects, impairing all mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus.

Dahleh, Bortolotto, Guerra, Boeira, Prigol · The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2023)

The ONLY in-vivo study — a harm signal, not a benefit: YK11 (0.35 g/kg) caused oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat hippocampus over a 5-week protocol
Exercise alone was neuroprotective; YK11's neurochemical impairments were not reversed by co-administered exercise
No efficacy (muscle/strength) endpoint was demonstrated in this living-animal study

Quelle ansehen

3Follistatin-driven myogenic differentiationIn vitro2013

YK11 treatment of C2C12 cells, but not DHT, induced the expression of follistatin (Fst), and the YK11-mediated myogenic differentiation was reversed by anti-Fst antibody. These results suggest that the induction of Fst is important for the anabolic effect of YK11.

Kanno, Ota, Someya, Kusakabe, Kato, Inouye · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin (2013)

The single study underlying the 'myostatin inhibitor' claim — YK11 induced follistatin (which antagonizes myostatin) in mouse C2C12 myoblasts
Induced myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myf5, myogenin) more strongly than DHT; effect reversed by anti-follistatin antibody
Entirely in-vitro (mouse myoblast cell culture) — no myostatin or muscle outcome measured in any organism

Quelle ansehen

4Androgen-receptor partial agonism (reporter assay)In vitro2011

YK11 activates AR without causing N/C interaction, which may in turn be responsible for the partially agonistic nature of YK11; our results suggest that YK11 might act as a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM).

Kanno, Hikosaka, Zhang, Inoue, Nakahama, Kato · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin (2011)

Foundational discovery paper — YK11 is a partial agonist of the androgen receptor in an ARE-luciferase reporter assay
Acts as a gene-selective AR agonist in MDA-MB-453 cells, activating AR without the N/C-terminal interaction
Entirely in-vitro (cell culture / reporter assay) — no animal or human data

Quelle ansehen

5Osteoblast proliferation & differentiation markersIn vitro2018

YK11-treated cells increased osteoblast specific differentiation markers, such as osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin... YK11 has osteogenic activity as well as androgen.

Yatsu, Kusakabe, Kato, Inouye, Nemoto, Kanno · Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin (2018)

In-vitro extension — YK11 accelerated proliferation, mineralization, and differentiation markers in mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells
Effects attenuated by an androgen-receptor antagonist; involved non-genomic Akt signaling
Entirely cell culture — supports the AR-mediated mechanism, not a bone or muscle outcome in any organism

Quelle ansehen

In der Forschungsbibliothek ansehen

YK-11 – Forschung

Überwiegend Mechanismus / Beobachtung

Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Sold via the Internet.

YK11 induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampus: The interplay between a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and exercise.

Selective androgen receptor modulator, YK11, regulates myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by follistatin expression.

(17α,20E)-17,20-[(1-methoxyethylidene)bis(oxy)]-3-oxo-19-norpregna-4,20-diene-21-carboxylic acid methyl ester (YK11) is a partial agonist of the androgen receptor.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, YK11, Up-Regulates Osteoblastic Proliferation and Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells.