Agp8.5

Alpha-GPC Research

33 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 8.5/10

Activity of Choline Alphoscerate on Adult-Onset Cognitive Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Sagaro GG et al. • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2023)

α-GPC alone or in combination with donepezil improved cognition, behavior, and functional outcomes among patients with neurological conditions associated with cerebrovascular injury.

We found significant effects of α-GPC in combination with donepezil on cognition [4 RCTs, mean difference (MD):1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.20 to 3.25], functional outcomes [3 RCTs, MD:0.79, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.23], and behavioral outcomes [4 RCTs; MD: -7.61, 95% CI: -10.31 to -4.91].
We also observed that patients who received α-GPC had significantly better cognition than those who received either placebo or other medications [MD: 3.50, 95% CI: 0.36 to 6.63].
α-GPC alone or in combination with donepezil improved cognition, behavior, and functional outcomes among patients with neurological conditions associated with cerebrovascular injury.

Meta-Analysisn=1,326

DOI

L-Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine (L-α-GPC): A Comprehensive Review of Its Preparation Techniques and Versatile Biological Effects

Li J et al. • Journal of food science (2025)

Finally, the review identifies existing knowledge gaps and proposes new research areas to promote the development of high value-added and health-promoting products containing GPC.

Due to its high choline content (41% by weight) and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, GPC is considered one of the most utilized sources of choline.
The review also highlights recent bioactivity evaluation results of GPC in animal models and human clinical tests, with a focus on cognitive dysfunction, cardiometabolic disorders, anti-aging, and ergogenic effects.
Finally, the review identifies existing knowledge gaps and proposes new research areas to promote the development of high value-added and health-promoting products containing GPC.

Systematic Review

DOI

Unlocking the potential of l-α-glycerylphosphorylcholine in the food industry: From safety approvals to market prospects

Cao J et al. • Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety (2025)

A brief outlook on the future perspectives and unsolved challenges was also proposed.

Encouraged by the policy incentives, there is likely to be a new upsurge in the research interest surrounding l-α-GPC.
To fully capitalize on these emerging opportunities, we present a comprehensive review of l-α-GPC.
The chemical properties, pharmacological characteristics, safety assessments, and preparation methods of l-α-GPC were summarized.

Systematic Review

DOI

[Chronic traumatic encephalopathy]

Esin RG et al. • Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (2025)

Citicoline (Neipilept) and choline alfoscerate (Cereton) are considered as potential neuroprotectors.

Neurofibrillary glomeruli (phospho-tau) formation, impaired amyloid beta elimination, impaired blood-brain barrier function, and low-intensity inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of CTE.
The agreed diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and the step-by-step diagnosis of this syndrome proposed in 2021 by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the USA are outlined.
Treatment includes symptomatic therapy for anxiety and depression, cognitive impairment, behavioral disorders, neuroprotectors, and non-drug intervention methods.

Systematic Review

DOI

Unlocking the Potential of l-α-Glycerylphosphorylcholine: From Metabolic Pathways to Therapeutic Applications

Che X et al. • Nutrition reviews (2025)

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Systematic Review

DOI

Latest research in nootropic therapy of patients with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency

Chernii TV et al. • Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) (2024)

Conclusions: The combination of EMHPS with choline alfoscerate for the complex treatment of CCCI and associated syndromes improves the functions of the endothelium, leads to asthenic syndrome, indicators of stress, depression and anxiety decreasing has a positive effect on the cognitive impairment and complications' progress reduction.

Systematic review examining Alpha-GPC efficacy
Further research warranted to confirm findings

Systematic Review

DOI

Lipolytic agents for submental fat reduction: Review

Park SY et al. • Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) (2024)

Skin Research and Technology

Deoxycholic acid has FDA approval for submental fat reduction, yet its mechanisms remain incompletely understood.
Understanding the complex anatomy and mechanisms of lipolytic agents is essential for safe and effective submental fat reduction, despite evolving practices and off-label utilization.
Clinical guidelines and references support this discussion, offering insights for safer applications.

Systematic Review

DOI

[Gliatilin in the Treatment of Cognitive Impairments Not Reaching the Level of Dementia: Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review]

Voznyuk IA et al. • Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (2025)

The main challenge during the analysis was methodological, population, and statistical heterogeneity, which required not only the use of a random effects model but also active search and exclusion of some sources.

The study demonstrated a statistically significant effect of Gliatilin in treating patients with vascular or post-traumatic MCI.
It also showed statistically significant superiority of its parenteral (or parenteral followed by oral) administration (for at least 28 days) compared to basic therapy in patients with vascular MCI.
The main challenge during the analysis was methodological, population, and statistical heterogeneity, which required not only the use of a random effects model but also active search and exclusion of some sources.

Meta-Analysisn=10

DOI

[Postcovid cognitive impairment]

Shishkova VN et al. • Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (2022)

The main benefits of choline alfoscerate therapy for neurocognitive impairment in patients with post-COVID syndrome are discussed.

The paper summarizes data on the relationship between neurocognitive disorders and accelerated cell aging, chronic nonspecific inflammation, and reduced neuroplasticity in the central nervous system.
The main pathogenetic ways to prevent COVID-related complications, including neuronal tissue damage and the prospects for managing such patients are discussed.
The choice of pathogenetic therapy in patients with neurocognitive impairment in the post-COVID period is assessed.

Systematic Review

DOI

Revisiting choline alphoscerate profile: a new, perspective, role in dementia?

Scapicchio PL • The International journal of neuroscience (2013)

In light of the limited therapeutical results obtained in the past decades by the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia, and of the relevance of their side effects in long-lasting therapies, it is desirable to reconsider alpha-GPC in larger carefully controlled studies not only as monotherapy but also in association with cholinesterase inhibitor drugs.

Choline alphoscerate (alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine, alpha-GPC) is a semisynthetic derivative of phosphatidylcholine with central parasympathomimetic action.
This action is, on the basis of its use in pathologies, characterized by cognitive deficits of neurodegenerative or vascular nature.
In a number of clinical studies, alpha-GPC demonstrated benefit in patients with cognitive dysfunction.

Systematic Review

DOI

Role of functional pharmacological therapy in post-stroke depression: a narrative review

Corallo F et al. • The Journal of international medical research (2020)

The findings support the efficacy of citicoline as a treatment for depression.

The findings support the efficacy of citicoline as a treatment for depression.
Studies aimed to discover the characteristics of these psychostimulants in relation to PSD treatment should be performed.
Further research warranted to confirm findings

Systematic Review

DOI

The effect of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine on cognitive function and brain phospholipid metabolism: A systematic review

Parker AG et al. • Nutrients (2020)

Alpha-GPC supplementation improved cognitive function in dementia patients and enhanced power output in athletes.

Consistent improvements in cognitive function in dementia and Alzheimer's patients
Enhanced power output and growth hormone secretion in athletes
600-1200 mg/day was the effective dose range across studies

Systematic Review

DOI

Comparative study of choline alfoscerate as a combination therapy with donepezil: A mixed double-blind randomized controlled and open-label observation trial

Lee W et al. • Medicine (2024)

Choline alfoscerate exhibits additional cognitive improvement in both cognitive and noncognitive domains, supporting the findings of the ASCOMALVA trial.

At the 12th week, the MMSE score increased 3.52% in the DN group, whereas it increased by 1.36% in the DO group.
In the DA + DG group, it decreased by 2.17%.
At the 24th week, the MMSE score showed an increase of 1.07% in the DO group and 1.61% in the DN group, but decreased by 5.71% in the DA + DG group.

RCTn=119

DOI

Effects of choline alfoscerate on cognitive function and quality of life in type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Sohn M et al. • Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2025)

Choline alfoscerate 1200 mg once daily treatment showed marginal improvement in cognitive function in T2DM patients with mild cognitive impairment at 6 months but leading to significance at 12 months compared to placebo, suggesting its potential as an adjunct therapy for managing early cognitive decline.

The mean age of study participants was 71.8 ± 5.3 years and 69.4% women.
Further research warranted to confirm findings

RCTn=36

DOI

[Efficacy and safety of choline alfoscerate in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study]

Ponomareva EV et al. • Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (2024)

The results allow us to consider CA as a possible model of preventive dementia therapy aimed at preventing the progression of cognitive deficits and the development of dementia in people at high risk of developing AD - patients with aMCI.

The results allow us to consider CA as a possible model of preventive dementia therapy aimed at preventing the progression of cognitive deficits and the development of dementia in people at high risk of developing AD - patients with aMCI.
Further research warranted to confirm findings

RCTn=100

DOI

Lowering plasma S-Adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in healthy adults with elevated SAH and normal homocysteine using nutritional supplementation

Pohl F et al. • Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD (2025)

This is the first demonstration of a nutritional product's effectiveness in decreasing plasma levels of SAH in otherwise healthy individuals with elevated SAH and normal Hcy.

The test product significantly lowered plasma SAH levels by approximately 12% and increased S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM): SAH ratio by approximately 26% after 12 weeks of supplementation compared to baseline.
This is the first demonstration of a nutritional product's effectiveness in decreasing plasma levels of SAH in otherwise healthy individuals with elevated SAH and normal Hcy.
Hence, this test product offers a unique opportunity for investigating the impact of lowering plasma SAH on the risk of developing CVD and other diseases.

RCTn=40

DOI

Acute Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Supplementation Enhances Cognitive Performance in Healthy Men

Kerksick CM • Nutrients (2024)

HD and LD A-GPC supplementation significantly increased cognitive performance in a group of young, healthy males as measured by changes in the Stroop Total Score and completion time of the Stroop test.

Statistically significant changes in heart rate and blood pressure were observed in all groups, with all recorded values aligning with clinically accepted normative values.
HD and LD A-GPC supplementation significantly increased cognitive performance in a group of young, healthy males as measured by changes in the Stroop Total Score and completion time of the Stroop test.
These results offer unique insight into the potential for A-GPC to acutely increase cognition in a group of young, healthy males.

RCTn=21

DOI

Effects of branched chain amino acids, l-citrulline, and alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine supplementation on exercise performance in trained cyclists: a randomized crossover trial

Harrington RN • Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2023)

The combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC used in this study improves cycling performance and may be useful for individuals seeking to improve athletic performance, particularly in disciplines requiring lower body muscular strength and endurance.

With the test supplement, there was an average increase in TT peak power of 11% and an average increase in time to fatigue of 36.2% in the HIEC test compared to the placebo.
There was no significant improvement in time to completion, average power, OMNI rating of perceived exertion, or VAS responses on perceived exertion in the TT test and no significant improvement in VAS measures of perceived exertion in the HIEC test.
The combination of BCAAs, L-citrulline, and A-GPC used in this study improves cycling performance and may be useful for individuals seeking to improve athletic performance, particularly in disciplines requiring lower body muscular strength and endurance.

Crossovern=30

DOI

Effects of egg yolk choline intake on cognitive functions and plasma choline levels in healthy middle-aged and older Japanese: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled parallel-group study

Yamashita S et al. • Lipids in health and disease (2023)

The results suggested that continued 300 mg/day intake of egg yolk choline improved verbal memory, which is a part of cognitive functions.

The results suggested that continued 300 mg/day intake of egg yolk choline improved verbal memory, which is a part of cognitive functions.
To confirm the observed effects of egg yolk choline, more well-designed and large-scale studies are warranted.
Further research warranted to confirm findings

RCTn=19

DOI

Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine Increases Motivation in Healthy Volunteers: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Human Study

Tamura Y et al. • Nutrients (2021)

These data suggest that αGPC can be used to increase motivation in healthy individuals.

Furthermore, motivation at night was significantly higher in the αGPC group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05).
However, αGPC did not show any effects on anxiety.
These data suggest that αGPC can be used to increase motivation in healthy individuals.

RCTn=40

DOI

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