44 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 9/10
Zhou P et al. • PloS one (2024)
The rankings of safety and efficacy of the 12 antioxidants vary.
Riepe M et al. • The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (2025)
The meta-analysis demonstrates that patients with mild dementia benefit from EGb 761 in terms of cognition, activities of daily living, global assessment and quality of life.
Liu Y et al. • Journal of ethnopharmacology (2024)
GBE preparations may alleviate angina symptoms and myocardial ischemia in the treatment of UAP with favorable safety.
Deng X et al. • Medicine (2024)
In this network meta-analysis of studies of patients with AD and a follow-up period of at least 1 year, EGb 120 mg demonstrated cognitive benefits, while placebo posed the least harm for AD.
Chen X et al. • Psychiatry research (2015)
In addition, the severity of side effects of EGb might be related to its daily dosage.
Xie L et al. • Cells (2022)
Nevertheless, the preclinical and clinical data suggest that further large-scale clinical trials may be needed in order to examine the effects of long-term GEB administration on early-stage AD.
Mousavi SN et al. • Phytotherapy research : PTR (2022)
Therefore, this medicinal herb might be a possible strategy for inflammation control.
Sereda M et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2022)
There is uncertainty about the benefits and harms of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of tinnitus when compared to placebo.
Egbuna C et al. • Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2021)
John's wort, green beans, cucumber, spinach, tea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, tomatoes, potatoes, oregano, lemon balm, thyme, peppermint, Ocimum basilicum, red cabbage, pears, olive oil and walnut.
Soares-Weiser K et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2018)
This review has found that the use of valbenazine or extract of Ginkgo biloba may be effective in relieving the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia.
Whitton ME et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2015)
This review has found some evidence from individual studies to support existing therapies for vitiligo, but the usefulness of the findings is limited by the different designs and outcome measurements and lack of quality of life measures.
Yang G et al. • Current topics in medicinal chemistry (2016)
Ginkgo biloba is potentially beneficial for the improvement of cognitive function, activities of daily living, and global clinical assessment in patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.
Tan MS et al. • Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD (2015)
EGb761 at 240 mg/day is able to stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change at 22-26 weeks in cognitive impairment and dementia, especially for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms.
Tan MS et al. • Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2015)
Ginkgo biloba was associated with stabilized or slowed cognitive decline in dementia patients, particularly at higher doses.
Laws KR et al. • Human Psychopharmacology (2012)
Ginkgo shows consistent modest benefits for attention and memory.
Al Shahab S et al. • Nutrients (2025)
The evidence revealed the potential use of supplements as complementary ADHD treatments under clinical guidance.
Liao Z et al. • Clinical neuropharmacology (2020)
Ginkgo biloba preparation has reliable efficacy of cognitive function and global clinical assessment and safety in the treatment of AD.
Tan CSS et al. • British journal of clinical pharmacology (2021)
While most food, herbs and supplements can be safely taken in moderation, healthcare professionals should be aware of the increased risk of bleeding when taking several food and herbs.
Nicolaï SP et al. • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2013)
Ginkgo biloba has a small effect on increasing pain-free walking distance.
Lorca C et al. • Critical reviews in food science and nutrition (2023)
Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.