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Mgs3.0
Mangosteen Research
Mostly mechanism / observational
19 peer-reviewed studies
What the evidence says
Mostly mechanism / observational
Most Mangosteen studies are mechanism or observational rather than RCTs that measure a clinical effect — keep findings provisional.
Most evidence is from high-quality randomised trials published 2007–2026 with a typical study size of 422 participants.
Based on 19 studies · 11 RCTs · 1,587 total participants
Confidence
High confidence
By outcome
InflammationA small pilot found reduced C-reactive protein only at the highest juice dose; strong anti-inflammatory action is preclinical · 8 weeks (high dose, pilot data)
Too few graded studies1 study
Immune supportXanthones modulate inflammatory cytokines in vitro; no human immune-outcome data · Unknown
Too few graded studies1 study
Active research area
10 studies in the last 5 years
200720162026
1RCTn=1,016 · large study2025
In plain English: Conclusions Adjunctive mangosteen pericarp treatment appeared to have limited efficacy in mood and functional symptoms associated with bipolar disorder, but not with manic symptoms or quality of life, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach that should be verified by replication.
Dean OM, Cotton SM, Ashton MM, Turner A, Saunders L, Ng CH, Hopwood M, Dodd S, Khoo JP, Walker AJ, Chatterton ML, Kavanagh BE, Nadjidai SE, Lo Monaco SL, Harvey BH, Malhi GS, Brown E, Skvarc DR, Diao D, Jacka FN, Sarris J, Dowling NL, Berk M. · The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science (2025)
Results Results indicated limited support for the primary hypothesis of superior depression symptom reduction following 24 weeks of treatment.
These differences were attenuated at week 28 post-discontinuation assessment.
Conclusions Adjunctive mangosteen pericarp treatment appeared to have limited efficacy in mood and functional symptoms associated with bipolar disorder, but not with manic symptoms or quality of life, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach that should be verified by replication.
In plain English: Larger randomized controlled trials using standardized preparations are required before clinical recommendations can be made.
Purwoko Y, Nugroho KH, Setiati S, Rachmawati B. · Acta medica Indonesiana (2026)
A randomized controlled pilot trial reported significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR -53.2% vs -15.2%; p = 0.004) after 26 weeks of standardized mangosteen extract.
A small quasi-experimental study reported a significant reduction in FBG following 7 days of mangosteen peel decoction.
However, the conclusions are limited by the small number of available studies, the short follow-up duration in one trial, and variability in extract preparation.
14Review2025
In plain English: Enhancing extraction procedures, shelf life, and finding new applications in pharmaceuticals and functional foods are all directions in which future investigations need to focus to provide maximum social, economic, and health gains.
Arshad MT, Basher NS, Ibrahim NA, Ikram A, Maqsood S, Rasheed A, Naveed F, Waqar M, Raza A, Noreen S, Al MKM, Ahmad M, Hussain MF, Jebreen A, Al-Farga A. · Food science & nutrition (2025)
This review highlights the numerous uses of these fruits and demonstrates how they can contribute to the areas of sustainable agriculture, medicine, and nutrition.
Perishability, limited cultivation, and underutilized by-products (e.g., peels and seeds) are challenges that persist despite their benefits.
Enhancing postharvest technologies, boosting agronomic practices, and valoring waste would make them more commercially viable.
In plain English: Further research, especially clinical trials, will be necessary to further impel mangosteen and its derivatives into therapeutic applications.
Thew HY, Tan YC, Ong YS, Goh BH, Khaw KY. · Planta medica (2025)
Anti-inflammatory effects were evident as mangosteen extract reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathways in neuroinflammation models.
Xanthones further suppressed inflammatory mediators and enhanced cellular resilience.The in vitro and in vivo results suggested the neuroprotective capabilities of mangosteen extracts and its purified bioactives.
Despite that, gaps remain in understanding the potential synergistic effects of these bioactives, their druggability properties, and clinical applicability.
In plain English: Because of the insufficient clinical study, we hope the current research can benefit from performing clinical and preclinical studies against different toxic agents.
Yahyazadeh R, Rahimi VB, Yahyazadeh A, Askari VR. · Current neuropharmacology (2024)
Due to its pharmacological properties, α-Mangostin, mainly found in Garcinia mangostana ( G. mangostana ) L. (Mangosteen, queen of fruits), treats wounds, skin infections, and many other disorders.
This review presents comprehensive information on Mangosteen's pharmacological and antitoxic aspects and its xanthones against various natural and chemical toxins.
Because of the insufficient clinical study, we hope the current research can benefit from performing clinical and preclinical studies against different toxic agents.
In plain English: The potential therapeutic applications of α-mangostin as an anti-inflammatory agent warrant further investigation through preclinical and clinical studies to validate its efficacy and safety.
Majdalawieh AF, Khatib BK, Terro TM. · Biomolecules (2025)
Additionally, α-mangostin exhibits immunomodulatory properties by influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses, affecting macrophage polarization, T cell differentiation, and cytokine production.
Its efficacy has been observed in numerous disease models, including joint disorders, digestive and metabolic conditions, hepatic diseases, neurological disorders, and respiratory ailments.
The potential therapeutic applications of α-mangostin as an anti-inflammatory agent warrant further investigation through preclinical and clinical studies to validate its efficacy and safety.
In plain English: It is also worth considering plant parts other than the pericarp.
Anis Y, Labana RV, Mendonça D, Ayunee S, Dimasin RVD, Bodade R, Sukati S, Boonhok R, Oliveira SMR, Girol AP, de Lourdes Pereira M, Chooi-Ling L, Samudi C, Nissapatorn V. · Tropical biomedicine (2025)
However, other bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic activities remain not fully characterized.
Therefore, developing effective extraction methods for these bioactive compounds, along with their characterization, possible bioactivities (pharmacodynamics), and any synergistic effects, is essential.
Additionally, pharmacokinetic studies, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), are necessary.
In plain English: Taken together, these data demonstrate that MG attenuates LPS-mediated inflammation in MPhi and insulin resistance in adipocytes, possibly by preventing the activation of MAPK, NF-kappaB, and AP-1, which are central to inflammatory cytokine production in WAT.
Bumrungpert A, Kalpravidh RW, Chuang CC, Overman A, Martinez K, Kennedy A, McIntosh M · J Nutr (2010)
In-vitro study in cultured human macrophages (U937) and primary human adipocytes
Xanthones reduced TNF-α, IL-6 and IP-10 expression dose-dependently
Attenuated MAPK and AP-1 activation; gamma-mangostin also reduced NF-κB