Rei7.0

Reishi Research

40 peer-reviewed studies · Evidence score: 7/10

Identifying immunostimulatory herbal supplements that may flare autoimmune skin diseases: a systematic scoping review

Weiner JD et al. • Lupus science & medicine (2025)

We identified 227 herbal supplements with immunostimulatory properties, of which 15 were most strongly supported by the evidence.

We identified 227 herbal supplements with immunostimulatory properties, of which 15 were most strongly supported by the evidence.
This article may serve as a reference to help clinicians counsel patients with autoimmune skin diseases on the risks associated with use of specific herbal supplements.
Further research warranted to confirm findings

Systematic Reviewn=469

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Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Bioactive Components, Nutritional Value and Application in Functional Food Production-A Review

Łysakowska P et al. • Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)

This review focuses on the properties of selected medicinal mushrooms and their effects on the human organism and presents current knowledge on the possibilities of their use in the production of functional foods.

Detailed mechanisms of the effects of medicinal mushrooms on the human organism still require long-term clinical studies to confirm their nutraceutical effects, their safety of use, and their dosage.
Medicinal mushrooms have great potential to be used in the design of innovative functional foods.
There is a need for further research on the possibility of incorporating mushrooms into food products to assess the interactions of their bioactive substances with ingredients in the food matrix.

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Fungi as a source of bioactive molecules for the development of longevity medicines

Shevchuk Y et al. • Ageing research reviews (2023)

Maitake or hen-of-the-woods), the genus Pleurotus (e.g. oyster mushrooms), and Agaricus subrufescens (i.e. the almond mushroom).

Maitake or hen-of-the-woods), the genus Pleurotus (e.g. oyster mushrooms), and Agaricus subrufescens (i.e. the almond mushroom).
We propose that further research on fungal extracts will provide a greater picture of the role fungi-derived bioactive molecules can have in developing longevity and neuroprotective medicines for humans.

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Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors

Klupp NL et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2015)

Evidence from a small number of randomised controlled trials does not support the use of G lucidum for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

We found no improvement for fasting plasma glucose (WMD 0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.95 mmol/L to 1.55 mmol/L).
There were no statistically significant differences between groups for blood pressure or triglycerides.
Participants who took G lucidum for four months were 1.67 times (RR 1.67 95% CI 0.86 to 3.24) more likely to experience an adverse event than those who took placebo but these were not serious side effects.

Meta-Analysisn=398

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The Lingzhi or Reishi Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Agaricomycetes) Can Combat Cytokine Storm and Other COVID-19 Related Pathologies: A Review

Rowaiye AB et al. • International journal of medicinal mushrooms (2023)

Preclinical and clinical evaluation to establish dose, efficacy, and potential toxicity and possible use in the management of COVID-19 is recommended.

However, there are concerns about the safety as well as the efficacy of drugs and vaccines presently used to control the pandemic, therefore necessitating intense global search for safe natural products that can effectively and safely combat it.
This work reviews studies on lingzhi or reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum and its properties that may potentially combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and the co-morbidities.
Preclinical and clinical evaluation to establish dose, efficacy, and potential toxicity and possible use in the management of COVID-19 is recommended.

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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) an edible mushroom; a comprehensive and critical review of its nutritional, cosmeceutical, mycochemical, pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological properties

Ahmad R et al. • Phytotherapy research : PTR (2021)

Yet, a gap in research exists for Reishi, which is discussed in detail in the forthcoming sections.

In particular, quality clinical data are intensely needed to support pharmacological activities for human use.
Reishi possesses many valuable pharmacological activities, and the number of patents and clinical trials is increasing for Reishi.
Yet, a gap in research exists for Reishi, which is discussed in detail in the forthcoming sections.

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Rationalization of Mushroom-Based Preventive and Therapeutic Approaches to COVID-19: Review

Rahman MA et al. • International journal of medicinal mushrooms (2021)

Among various mushroom species, reishi or lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) seem most suitable as anti-COVID agents for the global population.

In this state-of-the-art review, edible and medicinal mushrooms are featured in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pathomanifestations, and comorbid issues.
Because this is not an original research article, we admit our shortcomings in inferences.
Yet we are hopeful that mushroom-based therapeutic approaches can be used to achieve a COVID-free world.

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Use of Ganoderma lucidum (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycota) as Radioprotector

González A et al. • Nutrients (2020)

Ex vivo studies conducted in human blood cells show the radioprotective effect of β-glucan of aqueous extract of G. lucidum, nevertheless, its implementation as radioprotector to humans is in need of further clinical research studies.

From a total number of 1109 records identified, 15 full text articles were eligible, none of them were clinical trials.
In vivo studies reveal the efficiency of G. lucidum aqueous extracts of polysaccharides and triterpenes in mice exposed to γ-rays.
In plasmid, they can reduce radiation damage as an increment of the open circular form, as well as increase the DNA extension, as shown in vitro studies.

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Practical Application of "About Herbs" Website: Herbs and Dietary Supplement Use in Oncology Settings

Hou YN et al. • Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) (2019)

It is important to familiarize health care professionals about popular supplements, so patients can be informed to make decisions that maximize benefits and minimize risks.

The 10 most searched-for herbs/supplements of 2018 are chaga mushroom, turmeric, ashwagandha, reishi mushroom, graviola, Active Hexose-Correlated Compound, boswellia, dandelion, green tea, and Coriolus versicolor.
Here we discuss their safety, herb-drug interactions, and appropriate uses in the oncology setting, based on literature searches in PubMed.
Over the past 16 years, the evidence for use of these supplements is based mostly on preclinical findings, with few well-designed studies and limited trials conducted in cancer patients.

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Medicinal Mushroom Supplements in Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

Narayanan S et al. • Current oncology reports (2023)

More trials are needed to explore mushroom use during and after cancer treatment.

Systematic review examining Cordyceps efficacy
Further research warranted to confirm findings

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Ganoderma sinense polysaccharide: An adjunctive drug used for cancer treatment

Zhang Y et al. • Progress in molecular biology and translational science (2019)

In this study, we will review the biological activities and preclinical studies of GSP in China based on literatures searches from CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP...

In this study, we will review the biological activities and preclinical studies of GSP in China based on literatures searches from CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (Chongqing VIP Chinese Scientific Journals Database), Wanfang database, and PubMed database.
Both basic and preclinical studies showed that GSP has antitumor, antioxidant, anticytopenia, and unique mushroom-poison detoxification properties that are different from that of GLPS.
Our goal is to provide a molecular picture that would allow in-depth evaluation of GSP as one of few glycan-based drugs that has been used as an immunomodulatory adjunctive drug during cancer therapy.

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Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment

Jin X et al. • The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012)

Our review did not find sufficient evidence to justify the use of G. lucidum as a first-line treatment for cancer.

The meta-analysis results showed that patients who had been given G. lucidum alongside with chemo/radiotherapy were more likely to respond positively compared to chemo/radiotherapy alone (RR 1.50; 95% CI 0.90 to 2.51, P = 0.02).
The results for host immune function indicators suggested that G. lucidum simultaneously increases the percentage of CD3, CD4 and CD8 by 3.91% (95% CI 1.92% to 5.90%, P < 0.01), 3.05% (95% CI 1.00% to 5.11%, P < 0.01) and 2.02% (95% CI 0.21% to 3.84%, P = 0.03), respectively.
Our review did not find sufficient evidence to justify the use of G. lucidum as a first-line treatment for cancer.

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Immunostimulatory and anticancer effect of Reishi and Coriol extracts at the level of clinical studies and their implementation in practice

Neuwirthová J et al. • Klinicka onkologie : casopis Ceske a Slovenske onkologicke spolecnosti (2020)

Both extracts from Reishi and Coriolus, if used in combination with standard therapy or as an adjuvant single agent, have shown benefits at immune function measures, tumor-related symptoms and performance status of cancer patients.

Both extracts from Reishi and Coriolus, if used in combination with standard therapy or as an adjuvant single agent, have shown benefits at immune function measures, tumor-related symptoms and performance status of cancer patients.
Moreover, they have prolonged their disease-free interval and overall survival.
They are well tolerated even in advanced cancer diseases and could be safely used continuously for long periods of time.

Systematic Review

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Cellular and Molecular Mechanism of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) Against Tumor

Sun Y et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

Inhibition against the ATP-dependent transmembrane drug transporter such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the surface of resistant tumor cells to prevent reduction of the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs by pumping out the drugs plays an important role in the activities of Ganoderma and its extracts to reverse tumor cell multidrug resistance.

Intrinsic- and extrinsic-initiated apoptotic pathway in association with cell cycle arresting, telomerase inhibiting, autophagy, and oxidative stress is involved in the antiproliferative and apoptosis inductive activities of Ganoderma and its extracts.
The inhibition of tumor cell adhesion, invasion, and migration by Ganoderma and its extracts involves molecular mechanisms such as AP-1, NF-κB, MMP, cadherin, β-integrin, c-Met, FAK, EMT, and so on.
Targeting the major pro-angiogenic stimulus, VEGF, and its receptor contributes to the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by Ganoderma and its extracts.

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Neuropharmacological Effect and Clinical Applications of Ganoderma (Lingzhi)

Cui X et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

In this chapter, we will summarize and elucidate recent progress of such effects of Ganoderma and its ingredients from both the preclinical and clinical points of view.

The neuropharmacological effects of G. lucidum mainly include but not limited to sedative and hypnotic, neuroprotective, antinociceptive and analgesic, antiepileptic, and antidepressant effects.
Clinical trials of G. lucidum in the patients with these disorders are still rare.
To date, there are no Ganoderma-related drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

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Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Culture

Lin Z • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

Numerous myths and poems mentioning people's love, worshipping, and beliefs on Lingzhi can be found in the Chinese literature since ancient times.

Present chapter reviews the history of modern research on Ganoderma (Lingzhi) since 1950s.Historically, Lingzhi has been viewed as a magic herb as well as an auspicious symbol by the Chinese.
It is, therefore, also known as "Ruizhi," "Shenzhi," and "Xiancao," with the meaning of good fortune and mysterious power.
Taoism played an important role in promoting Lingzhi for either medical purposes or otherwise.

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Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Skin Diseases and Care

Yin Z et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

In brief, the dermoprotective effect of Ganoderma will be summarized in this chapter.

Ganoderma extracts have also been used in skin care, because of their roles in skin photoaging and skin whitening.
Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory effect of Ganoderma in atopic dermatitis and cutaneous sarcoidosis is also elaborated in this chapter.
Finally, the potential use of Ganoderma in skin carcinoma is introduced.

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Antioxidative and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ganoderma (Lingzhi)

Lin Z et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

Antioxidative effect and free radical scavenging activity of G. lucidum on different animal models in vivo and in vitro may be related to its pharmacological mechanism of immunomodulating, antitumor, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, brain-protective, liver-protective, cardiovascular-protective, renal-protective, and antiaging effects.

G. lucidum can significantly reduce the content of lipid peroxidation product such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipofuscin and can enhance the activities of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P), and other antioxidative enzymes.
G. lucidum has apparent protective effects against the lipid peroxidation caused by a variety of factors in the brain, heart, pancreas, liver, gastrointestinal, kidney, and other vital organs.
In macrophages (mouse), islet cells (mouse), cerebral cortex cells (rat), pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells, rat), vascular endothelial cells (rat, human), and keratinocytes (human), G. lucidum has significant protective effect against the oxidant-induced oxidative damage.

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Protective Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Radiation and Chemotherapy

Chen L et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

Both basic researches and clinical studies of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in preventing side effects induced by radiation and chemotherapy were reviewed.

But they are also usually associated with some toxicity and side effects in most of the patients.
Ganoderma (Lingzhi) is considered as a major kind of complementary/alternative medicine and used to prevent the adverse effects caused by radiation and chemotherapy.
This chapter reviewed the protective effects of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on radiation and chemotherapy, including the preventive effects on myelosuppression, intestinal injury, nephrotoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, and other side effects.

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Immunomodulating Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) and Possible Mechanism

Wang X et al. • Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2019)

Importantly, evidence-based clinical trials are also needed.

In particular, G. lucidum polysaccharides may affect immune cells and immune-related cells including B and T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, with the promotion of immune organ growth, cytokine release, and other immune regulatory functions.
Furthermore, cellular and molecular immunomodulatory mechanisms, possible receptors involved, and triggered signaling pathways have also been summarized.
However, whole animal experiments are still needed to further establish the mechanism of the immunomodulating effects by Ganoderma.

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